Guidelines for Writing a Lab Report Essay

Writing a good lab report is an important goal of your science education, and gives you the opportunity to enhance your typo charty skills and to communicate your understanding of the scientific process to others.Your lab report for this semester will be a write up of your independent research project. This will preserve the standard format for a lab report and should include the following sectionsTitleIntroductionMaterials and MethodsResultsDiscussionConclusionReferencesFor this course we argon giving unornamented emphasis to the materials and methods section. This section should include sufficient detail to allow others to reproduce your experiments, without being overly descriptive.A guide to writing each section is as followsTITLEName the experiment.The title of respect should be descriptive of what you did or what your data showed. A indorser should be up to(p) to obtain some understanding of the suffice of your report from the title. In the research world, scientists sca n the table of contents of journals to determine if there are any papers relevant to their research that they should read. Therefore the title is important for getting your work recognized.INTRODUCTIONExplain why you choose this project, and what you hoped to learn from it. You will be required to research the background information for your project, and give way the current state of knowledge for the topic of your research. In addition, you must explain your rationale for choosing this project, clearly state the objective or guesswork, and predict the outcome of the experiments if the hypothesis holds true.Example if an independent research project investigated the effect of wad sanitizers on the growth of E. coli, then the introduction should include background information on hand sanitizers (what they are, how they are exercisingd, the ingredients that kill bacteria), and background information on E. coli (what it is, why it is a problem). It would also include the data-based hypothesis, e.g. Hand sanitizers will be more telling at killing E. coli than soap.MATERIALS AND METHODSDescribe how you conducted your experiments in sufficient detail that someone else could repeat them, WITHOUT excess detail. First and foremost, this section is NOT simply a arguing of materials and a step-by-step accounting of what you did. You should write your materials and methods in descriptive form, using past tense (describe what you did). Do not include reasoning in your methods this belongs in the discussion section.You should describe what you did in enough detail that someone could repeat the experiment if he or she wanted to, but do not wasting disease excessive details.As you are doing your experiment, be sure you keep track of what you actually did in your lab notebook, especially any details which vary from the instruction manual(a) in the lab manual. What you do could have important implications for the results you get, and your interpretation of those result s. The Materials and Methods in your lab report should be what you actually did, and not just what the lab manual told you to do.Points to remember* Organize this section carefully and logically, place the methods in the cabaret in which you ran them.* Use subheadings that break the school text into distinct sections (if warranted). Do not use subheadings such as Lab 4. Use a descriptive subheading, such as Agarose Gel Electrophoresis and make use of bold text to get laid subheadings.* Provide enough information to allow others to repeat the same experiment* Use specific, informative language (quantify whenever possible)* Omit unnecessary information. You do not use up to include every possible detail of the time you spent in the lab. Include only those procedures directly pertaining to the results you plan to present in the paper.* Include recognize mathematical formulas if appropriate.* Do not make the common faulting of mixing some of the Results in this sectionRESULTSPrese nt your data in such a way that someone could go directly to the results section and understand the results of your experiments.The results section will have a text hatful and a portion that contains figures, tables, photographs, graphs, etc., depending on what kind of data you have. In the text of your results section, describe the trends and important points of your data. Point out what it is that you want your reader to come away with. Be sure you relate to the relevant figures and/or tables when you are writing your text. Refer to them as if you were citing them. For example The purity of the enzyme mitigated with each step of the purification scheme (Table 1).For the data portion (i.e., figures and tables), there are many ways to present your results, and you should think very carefully about which is the best way. Is it a line graph, a bar graph or histogram, a pie chart, a table, a picture or diagram, or is it some combination of these? Whatever you choose, be sure it cle arly shows your results. You want your reader to be able to look at your tables, charts, figures, etc. and know exactly what experiment was done for each one. You also want the reader to be able to understand what the results actually are. ALL of your data that relates to the report should be presented (even negative data).Points to remember* Organize your data carefully and logically. If possible, present results in the same order as the methods.* Use subheadings that break the data into distinct sections (if warranted)* Summarize the data and emphasize important patterns or trends* Do not interpret your data do not draw conclusions do not speculate.in the results section (save these issues for the Discussion)* Graphs, drawings, and photos are considered figures. Each figure and table must have a title and be numbered sequentially as they are introduced in the text. (figure 1, figure2, table 1, table2)* Specify units on the axes of graphs and label all columns and rows of tables.* Computer programs, such as Excel, can help you draw graphs and diagrams. If the graphs are hand drawn they must be neat and accurate.* Examples of some of the ways that you can present your data are illustrated at the end of this handout.DISCUSSION touch base your results back to the introduction. Did you add to the current state of knowledge? What did you learn from your experiments? Were there any sources of error? What future experiments might you conduct? Was your hypothesis supported by your data? This section is for an interpretation of your results, e.g. what do your results mean? Why did you think that you obtained these results? What can be learned from this experiment.? Connect your results to the concepts behind the experiments and your hypothesesAre there any questions the experimental design leaves unanswered (related to your hypothesis or not)?How would you improve this experiment in the future? What other experiments would you do now to extend or confirm your results (what is the bordering step)? You should also indicate if there are any inherent flaws or sources of error in the experimental design. Do not use human error as an explanation. Only discuss experimental errors that you think actually occurred during your experiment. You should also avoid saying that taking more samples or doing more repetitions of the experiment would improve the data. That is almost always true of any experiment, and goes without saying.Points to remember* Interpret your results draw attention to your major findings.* Support your conclusions with evidence convince the reader that your interpretations are dependable and that your work represents a valid contribution to the field.* Recognize the importance of negative results.* Address both the advantages and limitations of your methods What causes may be responsible for your findings? Suggest explanations if you have strange or unexpected results.* Go from specific to general Start with a discussion of your spec ific results and end with more far-reaching conclusions or predictions Can you make generalizations? What would the attached questions be?* Be aware of phrasing used in scientific discourse, e.g. verbs like suggest, indicate, show, demonstrate adverbs like possibly, probably, presumably, very likely auxiliary verbs like may, might, would, could, etc. (qualifiers)CONCLUSIONSSummarize the meaning of your results in two or three sentences.REFERENCESList all of the information sources used for your introduction. Any references that you use should be cited in the text and listed in alphabetical order in a reference section at the end of your report. Use the APA citation style For citations in the text (Author, year) goes subsequently the material from a particular source. For references section Last name, First name. Year. Title of article. Journal. Volume. Page Numbers.