Tuesday, April 30, 2019

Part II (4DB) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

start out II (4DB) - Essay Example(Torbert, 2004)The first principle is that we should ensure that everyone in the organization understands what makes him to work. For effective management, if everyone knows what brought him to work, why he is operative, what he gets after working and what consequences he gets if he does not work, then it go out be a better approach of motivation to workers.The second principle is that for the employees to understand the importance of being small-arm of the team. It is essential the employees to be part of the team for the achievement of the organizations objectives. There must be coordination in the activities of the organization hence the importance for all employees being part of the team. Being part of the team, the employees will be motivated as all of them will be working toward a common hence, on that point will be success in the organizations objectives.The purpose of the organization To manage replace effectively in an organization, th e manager needs to ensure that all employees team purpose or relegation is in line with the members needs and wants.The challenges of the organization Employees feel motivated if they overcome challenges their experience in an organization. As a technique to manage change in an organization, employees should not give up in fictitious character of challenges in an organization but should come up with an alternative to tackle the problem.Camaraderie is another technique that can be used to manage change in an organization. The employees should maintain a good working relationship in an organization. The managers should encourage employees to have togetherness in whatever they are doing and if possible, the organization should introduce something analogous indoor games that will keep the employees together.Another technique that can be used to manage change and to motivate the employees is assigning responsibilities to the employees. If employees are assigned

Monday, April 29, 2019

European Studies 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

European Studies 2 - Essay ExampleThis paper attempts to explain why and in the process discusses the qualities and characteristics that make a good leader, establish on the views of Machiavelli, which seem to do violence on the popular concept of leadership. match to Machiavelli, good intentions, strong moral convictions and even technical expertise do non guarantee success in the political and administrative arena (Dobel, 1998). The man who wants to act virtuously in every instruction necessarily comes to grief among so many who are not virtuous.A man from the common race may aspire for the highest post, and he can do alone or with the help of others. If he becomes a leader through his wealth rather than through popularity or force of arms, he is still state to have become a leader with the help of others. The reason is that the people will look not to him but to his wealth as the source of his power. The peoples attitude will be based not on the strength of his character or th e wisdom of his acts but on the state of his finances.Machiavelli counts benignity and generosity as among the various qualities it is desirable to see in a leader, but the reputation for humanity or generosity is break out than the practice thereof. In other words, one does not need to be liberal or generous throughout. The important thing is he acquires a reputation for these predilections without going overboard. The peril with a thoroughly liberal disposition, according to Machiavelli, is that this is likely to consume his whole substance in things of this manakin and be obliged, to maintain his reputation for liberality, to burden his subjects with extraordinary taxes and to resort to confiscations and all the other shifts whereby money is raised. By consuming the means for practicing liberality and generosity, these dispositions lead to a reputation for the opposite.In general, leaders are better off if they are loved rather than feared by their constituents. Machiavelli,

Sunday, April 28, 2019

The Baroque Era Art and Modern Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The baroqueness Era cunning and Modern Art - Essay ExampleAccording to Craig Lockard (451), Baroque artists placed more focus on new perspectives much(prenominal) as movement, amplified light, tension, decorations, and strong emotions to produce the various quality artworks. The enlarging horizons of thinking created by the renascence and Reformation resulted in an extravagant and, as considered by many people, outr geezerhoodous artistic movement in the 1600s. In the modern art, artworks are made powerful by the use of original features such as color, form, and line to come up with often violent paintings that are both indications of creativity and uprising against convention. The current group artists are said to be inspired by various French artworks and architecture and the theatrical Italian Baroque style art. Although slightly different from the Baroque era, the Greek myths also continued to pull ahead some prominent artists during the period beginning the 20th century. In conclusion, the end of the Baroque era perhaps, had a significant impacted on the modern recite of art since it ushered in a new age of ornamentalization. Various forms of art such as painting and dcor both opted to involve ornaments including the common paintings such as the Garden of Earthly Delights. As a result of forces causing a drift from the Baroque period, painters and sculptors also shifted from producing overdone artworks back to producing more sleek, modest and sharp finish. The world has seen massive transformations in the state of the modern art where it remains evident.

Saturday, April 27, 2019

The Role of Women in Politics and Power Creation Assignment

The Role of Women in Politics and Power Creation - Assignment Example but naming the pejorative stereotypes attributed to glum women (e.g. mammy, the matriarch, Sapphire, whore, bull dagger), let alone cataloging the cruel, often murderous, treatment we receive, Indicates how little prise has been placed upon our lives during four centuries of bondage in the Western hemisphere. We realize that the only people who care copious about us to work consistently for our liberation are us. Our politics evolve from a flushed love for ourselves, our sisters, and our community, which allows us to continue our struggle and work. This focusing upon our own oppression is embodied in the thought of identity politics. We believe that the most profound and potentially most radical politics come immediately out of our own identity, as opposed to working to end somebody elses oppression. In the case of Black women, this is a particularly repugnant, dangerous, threatening, and therefore revolution ary concept because it is obvious from looking at all the policy-making movements that have preceded us that anyone is more worthy of liberation than ourselves. We reject pedestals, queenhood, and walking ten paces behind. To be recognized as human, levelly human, is enough... ( Williams, Mary, & Emerson 2008)

Friday, April 26, 2019

Analysis and Interpretation of the Research Data Dissertation

Analysis and Interpretation of the Research Data - talk Example4.2 Respondents Profiles Following is the detailed discussion on the profiles of the respondents that participated in the question and support to collect data through different means i.e., questionnaire, interviews and focus groups. 4.2.1 Profile of Teachers Surveyed The perspective view of the statement staff at Willowbrook Primary School regarding the issue of students behavior and discipline is of superlative importance for this study as the teachers have a direct impact on behavior and its precaution. thence these views need to be analyzed. In coordination with the school man bestridement, in order to to gain valuable teacher and carer knowledge, design and experience associated with behaviour issues, a questionnaire was developed and distributed to 20 in-school teachers responsible for children ranging from five years of age to 11 years. The questionnaires were completed in the free time of the teachers withou t compromising their primary teaching and classroom management responsibilities. The objectives of the research were explained forward to handing over the questionnaire. However, of the 20 questionnaires distributed, 17 were returned and/or deemed valid based on required completeness. other attempt was made to collected the data from the remaining staff however, these were not returned. The purpose of the questionnaire was gain discipline on opinion of the teaching staff on aspects of students behaviour and strategies for the behaviour management at primary level. The profile of the respondents is shown below in table 4.1. Total occur of Staff Number of Teachers Surveyed Males Females Percentage of Teaching Staff Surveyed 20 17 7 10 85 Table 1 Profile of Teaching Staff Surveyed Figure 1 Percentage of Teaching Staff Surveyed Figure 2 Gender diffusion of Teaching Staff Surveyed Besides the questionnaire, a total of six teachers were also interviewed, which include three teache rs having experience of 10 years or more, one more than 5 years objet dart two having experience less than 1 year. Figure 3 Experience of Teachers Interviewed 4.2.2 Profile of Students Surveyed Six students of age ranging between six to eleven years, representing equal proportion of both males and females, were interviewed as part of the survey. The students were selected because it was deemed important to halt their views on the discipline in schools and its management. The students were selected based on their age and developmental stage enabling them to declare oneself reasonable and clear responses to the interview questions. The students were selected based on the advice of school management. The parental content was sought prior to conducting the interview. The responses of students during the interview have been made part of this study and were handed over to school management to concern with the study. The interview mainly focused in determining the students perspective on metier of reward and punishment system and the role of teachers in managing the classroom behavior. Age of Students Surveyed Number of Students Surveyed Males Females 6 to 11 6 3 3 Table 2 Profile of Students Surveyed Figure 4 Gender Distribution of Students Surveyed 4.2.3 Profile of Parents Surveyed Although parents have no direct role in management of classroom and students behavior at school, they do play a major contributory and supportive role. They are problematic in

Thursday, April 25, 2019

Final Exam Questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Final Exam Questions - assay ExampleThis paper examines Daniel Cohens argument vs. Alison Jaggars argument regarding globalisation.Cohen deals with a very important and timely subject or topic for that matter globalisation though he does so inefficiently. The title of his bear leads one to think that Cohen will actually defend globalization from its enemies or pinpoint those enemies and pronounce their arguments. Nonetheless, the moderate offers, at best, a somehow weak defense of the topic global capitalism. Cohen does not openly tell apart enemies of globalization and their agenda. Cohen puts the present wave of globalization in an historical perspective. He tries to explain why piteous countries feel failed to be like developed nations and what possibly the gentleman can do to make globalization be more beneficial.Cohen claims that globalization, thanks to the enormous speed of the 21st century communications, presents to the people a world with material prosperity wh ich everyone wants. That is, a vivid world full of promises that are not yet fulfilled. For the unfortunateest maturation countries, globalization remains just an elusive image. Economist Daniel Cohen opposes the idea that globalization is something that is imposed and meant to exploit poor nations. Instead, he offers an innovative concept to make globalization benefit the poor. According to Cohen (2006), to understanding the modern globalization requires us to reject the idea that poor nations are exploited and stunted by globalization. Undoubtedly, rich nations protectionist practices and preferential trade terms negatively impact poor nations, but these nations stay poor just because they have nothing or very little that the richer countries desire or need. Cohen equates the condition of the poor nations to that of persons lost inside(a) French welfare system.Cohen asserts that

Recycle (Indiana State recycle center) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Recycle (Indiana State recycle center) - Essay ExampleThe center later turned into an educational center and a community-wide recycle center (ISU). Following the lecture about the recycling processes and the coverage of the recycling at Indiana University, I learnt that many materials, which I viewed as non-usable, are valuable resources that can be recycled for further use. Some of the materials that I spy to be recyclable include nakeds papers, old books, cardboards, burn out paper, glass containers, plastic films and bags, metallic beverage cans, bottles and plastic containers. Before the lecture, I did not know that desolate bottles after using the contents they contain could be used for a better course. Since the lecture, I started collection all barbarian materials, and taking them to the neighboring recycling center where they recycle all that is recyclable and effectual dispose what they cannot recycle (Braungart and McDonough 47). Through the lecture on the recycli ng at Indiana University, I discovered that the heavy compel on the production resources of the world could be reduced through recycling. For good example, he explained that campaign and aluminum deposits are reducing continually, but went further to explain that the waste cans that are disposed at the garbage collection area can be used to substitute the diminishing resource inputs. He gave us an example of plastic cans, demonstrating that the disposed cans are usually as good as in the buff therefore, through recycling these disposed containers, canning companies can reduce their costs of operation. Therefore, from the lesson, I learnt that recycling has many advantages, including that it reduces the pressure on production resources, reduces the impacts of waste disposal and reduces the costs of doing business particularly in the area of sourcing for inputs (ISU). During the lecture, the gene from the recycling center explained the long term effects of recycling, including t hat it reduces the impacts caused by pollution on the environment. One example he used, made it clear to me that recycling is a channel for safeguarding the future of humanity. For example, when plastic cans and the waste materials from the health center are incinerated, they produce toxic smoke, which increases the rate of ozone layer depletion which increases the levels of global warming. But in the result that these waste materials are not taken through the process of incineration, which uses a lot of energy and in some cases pollution-causing smoke, the waste can be recycled for newer use, over and over again. The recycling of the waster reduces the costs of producing new plastic cans and other plastic products it reduces the energy levels consumed by industrial plants, and reduces the pollution caused by inappropriate waste material (ISU). Therefore, in the long term, the benefits of recycling reinforce the availability of resources, increase the sustainability of the enviro nment and improve the favourableness of different enterprises. Through the lecture, I learnt that recycling can be practiced by all people, new(a) and aged poor and rich, as well as those in business and those that use the recyclable materials at home. For example, among the young, spoilt toys can be recycled for new plastic, and among the aged, many waste items like spoilt computers and vehicles can be surrendered for recycling. Among the poor, simple materials like paper bags

Wednesday, April 24, 2019

Childhood leukemia development and correlation with traffic air Article

Childhood leukemia organic evolution and correlation with traffic credit line contaminant - Article ExampleThe study understands that children are more liable(predicate) to develop leukemia if they live in urban centers. The reason for this is the high levels of pollution in cities. The research goes to show the bothers that high pollution levels can create especially with regard to children. This link was established when the researchers found that children sustentation in urban centers with relatively high levels of pollution were at a significantly higher endangerment for developing cancer. The study has values adjusted for factors which could tamper with the results. However, even after the adjustment, the risks remained high for children living in areas where there was a high level of pollution.This study is certainly a revelation since we often controvert global warming in the context of animals and rising sea levels but there is also a visible and immediate relate of the pollution spread by human activity on the planet. That impact is the negative effect pollution has on our health and the health of our children who are defenseless against it. The government and our urbane authorities should do a lot more to stop the situation. They need to ensure that we do not have to suffer the negative consequences of the progress we have made.If we do not do anything about it, the problem would only multiply. At the present, we have little choice in how we can reduce air pollution levels. Of course, we can have Individual actions or even drives coming from small groups aimed at reducing pollution. However, these may never have the impact that government policy changes can. In addition to trying and reducing air pollution levels, more research on the topic is also required. Without the proper scientific data, we may gain ground the wrong conclusions.This was suggested in the research study itself. Additional information and research on the topic is neces sary. That would gives us better tools with which we can handle pollution and its impact on our lives. Even now,

Tuesday, April 23, 2019

Jurisprudence Assignment Question Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

regulation Assignment Question - Essay ExampleAntigone decided to defy the proclamation that her brother not be buried properly, and gave him a burial against the states wishes. After this she was imprisoned and hanged herself in her prison (Sophocles). Natural Law consort to stone (1992),1 the story of Antigone is one in which the individual is entitled to break the law. He cites Thomas Hobbes as distinguishing between even so out and law (ius and lex) right being the tail end for familiarity and law being the basis for obligation. ... be seen as unjust if it does not accord with Gods laws. 6 Hobbes, concord to stoner (1992) also states that there are limits to the law, or, rather, that there are limits as to what an individual is expected to obey. Hobbes believes, essentially, that man has liberty to decide for himself what is right for himself as an individual the Liberty each man hath, to use his take power, as he will himselfe, for the perservation of his own Nature that is to say own Life and consequently, or doing anything, which in his own Judgement, and Reason, hee shall conceive to be the aptest means thereunto.7 Finnis (2001) would concur in this analysis, stating that governmental laws are limited, in that they must(prenominal)iness recognize certain universal, God-given rights such as the right not be murdered, raped, enslaved or lie-to. 8 Further, Stoner (1992) states that Hobbes philosophical underpinnings of the law is moral, as opposed to civil or political, as it is directed at the individual, and what is right for every individual, as opposed to the collective. The preservation of the individual is at the heart of the Hobbes philosophy. Hobbes philosophy, according to Stoner, does not even take the mores and customs of a community into account, because custom is not necessarily anchored to morality or liberty.9 In one thinks about this, it makes sense - just as slavery was a custom, it clearly was in dispute to natural law or liberty, therefore, the custom of slavery is one that is built upon uncertain ground, like sand. That said, according to Cornish & Clark (1989), Hobbes recognized that mans nature was prone to violent destruction, so society must keep a check on the individualistic natures.10 Because natural law is inevitably based upon nigh

Monday, April 22, 2019

Marketing Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Marketing Management - Essay ExampleAccording to Kotler (2003), customer sensed value (CPV) is the difference between tote up customer value and total customer cost. sum of money customer value includes four factors product value, services value, image value and personnel value and total customer cost includes time cost, monetary cost, psychic cost and energy cost (Tseng & Et. Al., 2007).The enhancement of the consumer perceived value can be achieved by increasing total consumer value or by step-down total consumer cost. This can be understood better with the help of an example of Wal-Mart, the UK based retail chain of mountains of stores. To enhance the consumer value they offer huge assortments in merchandises. There are assorted options available for the consumers to chose from the various brands and their private level brands. In reduction to consumer cost, Wal-Mart offers everyday low pricing strategy. This offering allows the consumers to save certain amount of money thr ough the low pricing strategy of Wal-Mart. This helped Wal-Mart to cater its consumers added value through higher(prenominal) level of satisfaction (IMD, 2009).This model suggests that how received and desired values adjust well into a disaffirmation causa satisfaction model. The overall satisfaction can be known as the consumers judgment in reaction to assessment of understanding with the products and services.When the consumers make an evaluation, they create certain notions, developed from the past and present experiences near the value that they desired. The desired value directs consumers when they structure perception of the products or services whether it has performed excellently or run-down in the utilisation circumstances. The consumers derived value is evaluated upon experiences they use on certain attributes of the experiences, performances and consequences.The received value whitethorn guide in the creation that is generally

Sunday, April 21, 2019

Theory of Managing and Leading Change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Theory of Managing and Leading mixture - Essay ExampleThe evaluation of this decision rests solely on the shoulders of the decision makers at AEGON who were doing their best to increase their business realms in spite of appearance different international markets. Since comprehending the environment was mandatory on their part, their next step was to worry familiarized with the key issues that they sh on the whole be getting used to as far as managing operations were concerned. This is a certain aspect that reduction of uncertainty will come about as a decreed step for the sake of managing and leading a positive potpourri, in line with the AEGON case. The theory of managing and leading change is essentially the inherent basis for the sake of AEGON since it wishes to move towards the UK market and explore the market there. Since the people return a diabolical and confusing perspective regarding the life insurance and pensions industry in general, AEGON is marred with such(prenom inal) viewpoints on the part of the people and this is where leading a positive change comes into the equation. It shall resolve the ambiguities that exist within the related domains and create a room of optimism all around. Appointing a new CEO for the UK market is a step in the right direction as it will set the basis for bringing in a new thought process into the fray. Also instituting audit committees would resolve the issues which have sprung up for all the wrong reasons within AEGON for a specified period of time. Essentially speaking, leading and managing change is a herculean process which once undertaken can only rein in positive results for organizations and their top management realms. then it would be a good option for AEGON to enter the UK market and make a name for its own self which will be the basis of its success in the years to follow (Marshak, 2004112).

Saturday, April 20, 2019

Global News Agenda Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Global News Agenda - Essay fountNews usually redo them to intend a fairer representation of those who are far in equipment casualty of culture or space and they include the neighbors abroad and the strangers living amongst them (Ginneken 1998). The intelligence reports usually produce meanings which construct ideological representations of the different groups of people from different countries. Media usually report distant suffering in their discussion which brings roughly the construction of us versus them. The language used in the news reports brings different meanings within the neighborly context as to some the us versus them brings about negative values (Kamalipour and Snow 2004). Unprecedented censorship is also evident with how news is constructed. In most cases, the us versus them is created whenever there is suffering in the plain or culture to be aired. The media creates us versus them in order to create specific subject postal service for both the spectators and suffers. The spectators us may take the mail of activists, philanthropists or even voyeurs while suffers them take the position of a human being or abstract number. Theoretical perspectives will be used in the analysis and evaluation of how the news constructs a sense of us versus them between different nations. Agenda saddle horse opening Agenda setting theory shows how the media highly affects the order of presentation in the news reports about events and issues in the minds of the public (Dearing and Roger 1996). Global news agenda is based on the construction of us versus them. This theory also shows how the media had a high influence on the public by their ability to tell us on the important issues. The main aim of this theory is to create a public awareness and to show the salient issues created by the news media. Different aspects of the media are encompassed in this theory which shows different itinerarys on how news is constructed. 1. Freedom of press and expression wo rld wide Freedom of press helps the media in constructing us versus them. Freedom of speech in Middle East is enshrined in article 19 of the International promise on Civil and political Rights (ICCPR). It is also based on the UN treaty which is based on the usual Declaration of Human Rights (Magee 2002). Social solidarity is part of cosmopolitanism and it includes the bonds of mutual commitments based on more than similarities of pre-established identities. Social solidarity puts it clear that all citizens are engaged in the making of a better future for everyone. Cosmopolitan explains how spherical media institutions have the power to create publics around the world as non-communitarian publics. Cosmopolitan is the willingness to relate with other people. The way media constructs news about distant suffering rarely does it cultivate a cosmopolitan sensibility or a global public (Ginneken 1998). For example, airing news on how people are being maimed killed or burned or even to rtured is the creation of cosmopolitan through the TV news where it creates a spectatorship of suffering to us the viewers. Global news does not also overcome the

Friday, April 19, 2019

Standing Long Jump Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Standing Long Jump - Essay ExampleThe most meaning(a) technique protean is the selection of take glowering fee. A japanese athlete studied the effects of changes in takeoff angle on performance in the rest wide alternate. The aim was to identify the optimum take off angle and to explain the underlying biomechanics of the standing pine jump. When indoor argonnas were built, the standing long jump began to fly as an answer. Today, the only country where the standing long jump is a national championship event is Norway. The Norwegian Championships in Standing Jumps (long jumps and high jumps) has been held in Stage every winter since 1995.The performance of standing long jump was often substance abused or adopted to examine the fitness of school children, only if the tests had frequently underestimated the subjects true potential when the subject did non use the best possible technique. The most important methods that promote the bound performance is the selection of optimu m take off angleand technical use of the arms. In previous researches, many researchers used the force plates to study the long jump and suggested the technique of long jumps. They later concluded that increasing the take off velocity of the jumpers supporting leg would increase the jumping quad. Numerical models were used by other researchers and found there were no significant inclination angles in the magnitude of the peak intellect answer force. Previous standing long jump study, compared body anatomy and joint moment analysis in children and adult males. They suggested that skilled 6 year old children cod not developed either hip negative work during preparatory movement or body configuration in the flight phase. The difference in body configuration showed the jumping performance and cross-section(a) of the skeletal muscle correlate positively. They also verified that standing long jump performance amend when arm movement was employed.In recent studies, researchers inves tigated the explosive movements concerned mainly with vertical jump. Although jumping for distance received a lot of attention, most of these works were centered on long or three-base hit jump in athletics. There were no attempts to relate the coordination of hands swing and starting knee angles in standing jumping distance. The difference in sign knee angle in the study has not been investigated in other studies. The performance of standing long jump and its relationship to the body configurations as tumefy as the possible other reasons for the difference are still not so clear. Furthermore, there are no information about trajectory of body center of mass in the standing long jump, but other basic motor skills like walking, running , kicking, and vertical jump had been investigated by victimization the center of mass analysis. The study efforts were directed towards the investigation of the effects on the arm movement and initial knee joint angle employed in standing long jump b y the ground reaction force analysis, three dimensional motion analysis, and analyzing changes in the force-time characteristics, magnitude of peak ground reaction forces, impulses generated in preparing phase and mass centers pathway characteristic during standing long jump and investigating how the jump performance is related to the body confi

Thursday, April 18, 2019

Importance Of E-learning For Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Importance Of E-learning For Education - Essay ExampleMore specifically, I am going to centre on carve up 2 and paragraph 3.In paragraph 2 of the outline, I briefly mentioned on the effect of the introduction of eLearning to teachers. According to a research conducted by Boston College in 2010, where they were evaluating the effect of eLearning on the teachers captainy as well as their students, they found out that eLearning was important to the teachers since they were able to better master the content. However, due to continued recitation of eLearning, some were found to be highly dependent on it and did non deliver effectively. The students were also found to be able to get the proper mastery of the content taught since they could skim the books, even from their phones as long as they could connect to the internet. (Laura, 20).Thus, from this information, it is very open that the use of learning does not have a negative effect on the teachers as it is usually asserted, on th e contrary, it helps the teachers to effectively consider their chipivities. I also focused on the regulation of learning activities by the governments in this paragraph. Basically, governments have the force out to alter or influence the activities carried out in their jurisdictions. This being the case, the regulation of learning by governments in different countries is not a matter of much worry, assuming that the governments in question will act in good faith and in order to balance different activities for the good of its citizens.In paragraph three, I mentioned about the effects that the use of eLearning technologies has had on the publishing world. Though there are sundry(a) thoughts and conviction, it is evident that the eLearning technology has had effects on the publishing industry. However, there is every reason to encourage the use of e-learning technology despite the danger it poses to the publishing market.

Terry vs ohio Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Terry vs ohio - Research Paper ExampleIronically, this relegate presented itself in form of a case, the Terry versus Ohio case. Many some other(a) cases have taken place in federal and Supreme Courts, and the Terry versus Ohio case, which took place over 40 years ago, is applied. Some people represent against the terry versus Ohio outcome. This work, therefore shall give a detailed account of what led to the arrest, who was involved, the charges, the outcome of the case and thereafter look at several issues that arise and can be seen from this case. Background The events of that case began on the afternoon of 31ST October, 1963.A law enforcement officer in his civilian dressing making his afternoon tour, spotted both men from a distance. In his testimony, the officer, Mr. Martin McFadden told the court that he spotted two men in Euclid Avenue. He took keen interest in them as he had never seen them before, not that he knew everyone in that town, scarce he just took keen intere st in them. For him, they appeared to be in the wrong place at the wrong time. He took his time to study them and that is when he realized their questionable actions and movements.3 These two men talked briefly, and then one of them walked along the corridor, stopping for some time to look through the windows of a particular and specific store. After this, the man went back to his company, and after some time, the other man did the same thing, walked along the corridor and stop at the same store. This further increased the curiosity of the officer. After around six times of this recurrent routine, the two men were joined by another man. More talking was done and then the saucily arrived man unexpended. The law enforcement reported to the court that after this man left, the two men who were there former continued with their earlier wary routine. They did this for about fifteen minutes and then left, following the direction that the other man had taken. This further increased th e curiosity of the officer, who had been watching them from a close enough distance. According to him, he suspected that they were casing a job. He followed them and found them in the company of the man who had left earlier. After all, as he said in the court, McFadden had enough experience to tell when something wrong and suspicious was cooking. In his 39 years of service, dealing with pickpockets and shop breakers, the officer had learnt to read the signs of such people.4 Officer McFadden approached them and produced his identification. He asked them what their names were, but they officer did not comprehend what they said. They mumbled incoherently. They officer had a strong suspicion that these triplet men were up to no good, and that is when he grabbed one of the men, Terry and spun him round. He felt a numbfish in Terrys overcoat pocket, but could not reach it. He ordered the troika men to enter into the nearby Zuckers store and face the wall. The officer removed Terrys ove rcoat, from which he recovered a 38 caliber revolver.5 He also patted the other mens outer(a) clothing. He recovered a pistol from Chitton, the man with whom Terry had done the routine walks with. On the other man, Kartz, there was no weapon found. The two men

Wednesday, April 17, 2019

Indwelling Catheters and their Relation To Urinary Tract Infections Essay

Indwelling Catheters and their Relation To Urinary brochure Infections - Essay ExampleCatheter- associated urinary tract transmittings (CAUTIs) are caused by bacterial infections (e.g. Escherichia Coli), which is the common bacteria (Lindsay, E. 2001). In our place of practice, which is a nursing scale facility, there have been significant increase in the tot up of catheter and non-catheter related urinary tract infections in the patients undergoing treatment in the hospital. Research has shown that5% of patients that come to the hospital per day has urinary tract infection. Common endemic infection outbreaks as well as colonization and infection with antimicrobial drug resistant microorganisms have become a common feature at heart longsighted term perplexity facilities (Lindsay, E. 2001, pg. 205). Catheter associated urinary tract infections entail increased morbidity, mortality and financial costs. The nursing home facility has a protocol in place to reduce the number of UTI s, but it is rarely world utilized, and, therefore the system needs to be modified. CAUTIs can be reduced by removing the catheters upon arrival to the facility. wellness care professional must assess the patients for the prevalence of UTIs, since this is a very common infection within nursing home facilities. ... Working in a nursing home and rehabilitation (NH/R) sub-acute environment has legion(predicate) challenges deriving from staffing problems, such as shortfall in nurse to patient ratio of 14 to 20 besides the chances of endemic infections. My main concern is the increased rate of urinary tract infections in patients with urinary catheters whether it is from the hospital or in-house (NH/R). In my facility, newly admitted patients from hospitals have or had indwelling catheters. Within 48 hours of admission, a few of the patients have showed signs and symptoms of urinary tract infection such as fever, abdominal tenderness and browse need for urination with complaints of bu rning sensation. In such cases, the normal practice is to commence the administration of antibiotics prophylactically afterwards collecting their urine specimens. The elderly are prone to a decrease in fluid divine guidance due to a decline in the thirst mechanism and enhancing the chances of UTI. Urinary Tract Infections are caused by poor aseptic techniques and, therefore, catheters should not be used for convenience but for exclusive medical purposes only. fit to the Center of Disease Control (CDC), the appropriate measures for indwelling urinary catheterization are acute urinary retention, correct measurement of urine output in critical patients and patients requiring prolonged immobilization, such as unstable vertebral column or pelvic fractures. (Dumont, C. &Wakeman,J. 2010.Pg. 29). I, therefore, encourage charge nurses to discontinue the use of catheters. Studies have shown that infections in long-term care facilities are highly prevalent in the United States. The most f requent infections within nursing homes

Tuesday, April 16, 2019

American Home Products Corporation Essay Example for Free

Ameri poop scale Products Corpo symmetryn EssayAmerican Home Product Corporation (AHP), a spiritedly growing American company, has four line lines prescription drugs, packaged drugs, food products, house wares and household products. Its policies include-A tight monetary control and maintained an aggressive capital structure policy. Make money for its stockholders and to maximize net profits by minimizing cost. It has been able to finance internally its growth while paying a very high part of its earning to its shareholders (60%).Currently, AHP seems to cast no business chance but may await a certain risk in the long run. Based on the ratios shown on the attached sheet, AHP should not worry about business risk since its working capital is very healthy ($1472.8 million) and capital additional $233 million. The high ROA, high profit margin, low legitimate-to-asset ratio and 49.71 collection days show that AHP can generate cash quickly, thus it can maintain current hi gh growth rate. However, its decreasing annual sales growth from 14.1% in 1978 to 8.8% in 1981 (exhibit 1) shows that it faces future risk of losing market shares in all its business lines if it does not foresee argument and continues to focus on increasing stockholders value.AHPs current monetary performance is very good since it has high ROE (30.3), high quick ratio (42.68), low debt-to-equity ratio (0.09) and low debt-to-asset ratio (0.01). However, an analysis of divergent debt ratios shows that if AHP gains debt ratio, it will face a financial risk of gaind debt-to-equity and debt-to-asset ratios. In other words, it will face solvency problems in long terms. AHP also face liquidity problems since the quick ratios decrease when the debt ratios increase.2 The proposed mechanism follows a dual mechanism of leveraging-(a) Increase the Debt impartiality Ratio.(b) Buy moxie the shares. This also results in the adjacent-(i) Improves EPS as the amount gets shared by lesser num ber of shares.(ii)Improves Price / earnings ratio(iii) The excess capital gets utilized.(iv)Sends a +ve signal to the market and share prices likely to increase.(v) Improves Return on Equity ratio.The calculations enclose indicate that the best option in accordance with the company stated policy would be to have Debt-Equity Ratio of 70%. Shareholders value increases when debt ratios increase. EPS increases from $3.18 to $3.49. The dividend payout ratio also increases from 0.597 to 0.602. Similarly, the dividend yield from 0.063 to 0.070. It means that the company can increase shareholders value by increasing debt ratios.However the following needs to be considered-(i) The valued net worth of the firm which decreases may not convey the correct picture to the investor and thus negating the positive signals of buy back of shares. (ii) The firm has no strategy related to RD in new products and focuses on me-too products thus constituting a coarse business risk. (iii) The firm would r educe the cash to debt ratio substantially exposing itself to financial risk. The closest competitor has Debt Equity Ratio of 30% which if taken as a benchmark gives a conservative method of deciding the proposed leveraging, however this does not maximize the shareholder value, but is in line with the strong conservatism doctrine of the firm. It also gives a better Return on Assets ratio and has a safer Debt to Cash ratio.Even though AHP has a very good current financial performance, it should change the financial policy to increase debt ratio at a certain direct. To meet the goal of increasing shareholders value, AHP should not use its excess cash flow to repurchase its stocks because this is only a temporary solution and may generate serious financial problems in the long run. Instead, AHP should use this excess cash to invest in profitable projects to improve its current products and launch new products that meet current market demands. By doing so, AHP can minimize the busines s risk, doctor itself for competition and increase sales growth.On the other hands, AHP should increase debt ratio to a certain level that is suitable for itsbusiness to increase shareholders value. Also it should continue to exercise tight monetary policies as sooner to pay off the debt in a disciplined manner This solution does not bring financial risk to AHP but enable it to minimize business risk. If AHP remains only concerned about how to increase shareholders value and ignores market threats, it might lose its business to its competitors.

Monday, April 15, 2019

Information About the Great Depression, New Deal, the Great Society, and the War on Poverty Essay Example for Free

Information About the Great slump, New Deal, the Great Society, and the War on Poverty sampleThe Great Depression was a clock time of great suffering in American history. Remarkably it was a time that marked the American multitude and the country was able to emerge shining and stronger than ever. The Great Depression began in 1929 when in the month of October the stock food market crashed and fourteen million dollars were lost. In just one week, thirty billion dollars were gone. This loss was so monumental because it was ten times the average annual figure of the linked States. The depression struck hard at all the industries in the United States. This left thousands and thousands of people jobless and even homeless. The first industries to be affected were construction and production. Soon after, the agricultural industry was take a leak hard. Over 750,000 farms were lost due to how the price of crops dropped drastically which ended up bankrupting the farmers. The unem ployment rate was at 25%, the highest ever in American history. The population took yet an virgin(prenominal) devastating blow with lack of solid food and illness due to inability to pay for medical care. President Hoover lost the election to Franklin D. Roosevelt because the American public considered Hoover to be incapable of handling the crisis. The Great Depression ended up carrying on until the second world war.Recently the United States faced something very close to the Great Depression. The stock market crashed again and millions of jobs were lost. Prices rose and Americans were headed for a slump that would take a long time to recover from. invariably so slowly the economy began to move forward again. But to this day the economy is still spirited and the American people are still paying for it.The New Deal was a series of sparing programs that were implemented in the United States between 1933 and 1936. The man responsible for the New Deal was none other than Franklin D. Roosevelt. The New Deal was a response to the Great Depression and mainly focused on second-stringer for the unemployment and the poor, Recovery of the economy, and Reform of the financial system to prevent another depression. These three Rs were what control it to be approved by Congress. The New Deal managed to decrease unemployment greatly by the 1940s and correct out many different programs and organizations that are still present today that help move the United States forward.The main focus of President Kennedys administration was to confront poverty. Kennedy began by putting 2 billion dollars to urban renewal and gave federal rewards to companies who moved to the newly renewed areas. The War on Poverty was a regimeal effort to stop the problem of persistent poverty in the U.S. the poverty rate in the U.S. was at 24%. In 1964 Lyndon B. Johnson declared a metaphorical war on poverty and new plans and programs were put out to help the poverty rate.The Great Society began whe n Johnson defeated the Republicans in 1964. His agenda consisted of winning care of the matters of discrimination, poverty, education, healthcare, housing, and consumer and environmental protections. The Great Society was a set of domestic programs promoted by Johnson and the Democrats. The Elementary thirdhand Schools Act passed in 1965 was the first time the federal government was involved in public education. It gave government funds to high risk schools. The Higher Education Act put forth new buildings, programs, scholarships, and grants. The depicted object Housing Act if 1968 increased low income housing by 1.7 million.The Civil Rights ride was an important time during American history. It was a time where American minorities conducted protested that won them rights and put a stop to racism in the United States. monumental individuals like Martin Luther King and Malcolm X helped a lot in spreading the interchange about racial equality. The African American communities al l around the country protested for equality. Some whites went to extremes and resorted to violence that conduct to many murders of the African American people and even the assassination of Martin Luther King. The Native Americans also had an influential movement where they seized Alcatraz and occupied it. Their motive was to protest the first discovery of America and to establish a native American identity. Meanwhile the fastest growing minority in the United States, the Latinos, were also trying to establish equality.

Sunday, April 14, 2019

Compare how the representation Essay Example for Free

Compare how the representation turn outI am going to focus on two tabloid newspapers, the day by day ring armor and the passing(a) reverberate by comparing and contrasting on how the representation of celebrities reinforces or undermines their celebrity status. In an mutation of some(prenominal) the day-after-day Mail and the Daily mirror on the same day, both newspapers have elect to exploit the story of Michael Jackson being transcended of both ten charges and overly from 20 old age of prison. The Daily Mirror is a standard blue top mid-range tabloid presented the story the front page coverage along with the same size devoted the score in football and the player of the week. This suggests that the Daily Mirror do print out articles about the sports events but also that they heavily focus on celebrity news, especially on a high famous celebrity like Michael Jackson. The publicise reads non guilty as well as colouring the Not on the headline red and in bold text imp lying as Jackson was going through a war and also to course in the attention of the reader. The word not in red does also contrast and give an intuitive feeling of something dreadful has happened to Jackson.However, this utters that the Daily Mirror is supporting Jackson but also in the other throw he has been pictured in between the time his facial reaction shows the readers of him being tired and more or less of all hated himself from going through all the hassle in the court which he had to clear off to become guiltless. The article also prints a photograph of Michael Jackson in colour suggesting that they do want sensationalise Jackson taking a positive side to the story.The sub-headline reads trial sensation as Jacko change of ALL TEN CHARGES has been underlined with red to denote to the audience that important information has been presented. By doing this the audience exit be aware of the sentence. In the sub-headline ALL TEN CHARGES was printed out in capital letters to specifically highlight to the readers that Jackson is a free man and cleared from all ten charges. In comparison, the Daily Mail took the story very similar to the Daily Mirror but structured in contrary way.Likewise they dedicate the front page about Michael Jackson alike in Daily Mirror. The headline reads cleared so this just informs the audience the fact about Michael Jackson being cleared of all ten charges. The Daily Mail not only states about Jacksons cleared charges, but it also duologue about his personal life such as finances, poor health and etc. The Daily Mail does also read, His health has visibly determined over the months of the trial, this is evidenced from the front page article to a lower place the photograph of Michael Jackson.However, both newspapers depend heavily upon the importance of celebrity stories. The layout, colours, use of language and etc, has been applied in both newspapers very differently. As a result after analysing both newspapers, both new spapers supported him. This is because both tabloid newspapers do not comment on his personal life whenever he was judged wrong, but also they dont discuss neither about him as being suspicious on him or try to show that he is guilty. Therefore it seemed to be as a reader that the Daily Mail and the Daily Mirror reinforces Michael Jackson rather than undermine him.

Saturday, April 13, 2019

Memory Cost Essay Example for Free

Memory Cost EssayOver the past 30 days the monetary value of Electronics has steadily decreased. The cost of electronic storage has decreased greatly over the past 30 years as well. In this paper I will be talking about the decrease in the cost of RAM and Hard Drive Storage, how much will a nose fundamentdyTB HDD will cost when it becomes wide available in the future, and how much retentivity I will be able to buy with $100 in 10 years. In 1956, IBM created the first commercial Hard Drive called the IBM 305 RAMAC which held 5MB and cost a walloping 50 thousand dollars Electronic storage started being more widespread during the early 1980s, but it wasnt until the 1990s that RAM and Hard Drive Storage begin to be cheap enough for the modal(a) person. Back in 1981 the price for one MB of Hard Drive storage space was $340 almost people couldnt afford a computer back in the 1980s because of the huge cost. by the 1980s the cost per MB fell from around $340 during 1981 then to $40 per MB in 1988, and eventually to $9 per MB in 1990.The cost of one Bit of ram in 1981 was 0.000425 cents, in 1988 it was 0.000005 cents, in 1995 it was 0.000000158 cents, in 2000 the cost per Bit was 0.000000063, and in 2013 the cost per Bit was 7.910-10 cents. To get an understanding of how much memory will cost in the future and when 100TB hard drives will become commercially available, we have to institute a look at how the price for memory has gotten cheaper over the past 10-30 years, the ever increasing touchstone of storage space that can be squeezed onto a hard drive platter, and take in to tale the rapid growth in the technology field. According to Chris Mellor in his article (http//www.theregister.co.uk/2013/11/01/hp_memristor_2018/) technology freak HP announced that 100TB hard drives could be available as early as 2018.I firmly believe that in 4 years by 2018 there will be 100TB drives for sale to the human beings but they will probably be very expensive till they go into mass production. In 10 years, we will be able to buy a hard drive with a phenomenal amount of storage space. From 1990 to2014 the price has gone down exponentially from $9 per MB to under one hundred fifty MB per Cent If we follow that exponential trend we are looking at hard drives that can hold over 100TB that cost fewer than 100 dollars, while the RAM will decrease in price slower. In conclusion, the cost of Storage such as RAM and Hard Drives has gotten very cheap, from over $500 per MB to 5 cents per GB We will see a continual decrease in the cost of electronic storage and an increase in the amount of storage in smaller packages. epitome Citation http//www.aei.org/publication/chart-of-the-day-the-falling-price-of-memory/Citationshttp//ns1758.ca/winch/winchest.htmlhttp//www.theregister.co.uk/2013/11/01/hp_memristor_2018/http//www.jcmit.com/memoryprice.htm

Thursday, April 11, 2019

Texas Science Scholars program Essay Example for Free

Texas Science Scholars program EssayMrs. Page, I would like you to receipt that I do not consider English as one of my strongest subjects however, I still am excited to be in this class. From what I can tell, your particular style of bid will definitely be helpful towards my education in literature. I notion you are soul who can help me to better myself in writing. My name is Michael Cortinas. I will be majoring in electronic computer Science and I am currently part of the Texas Science Scholars program. I enjoy reading, but scrape when it comes to writing on a designated prompt. In high school, I was part of both the varsity track, and cross country team. Before college, I would run two or trine miles every morning, but, because all my classes take coiffure in the morning, I havent had time.I have been working part-time at H-E-B for around a year now, where I do anything from cashier to push carts. I currently live with my mother, step-father, and three younger sibling s, meaning most of my homework will be done on campus. When it comes to college, I confide to obtain the skills necessary to become an impact in my community and in the lives of those close to me. I get hold if I can get enough from college, I can be the type of person that large number feel confident in putting their trust and coming to for advice. I guess this desire was inspired my great-grandfather, who passed away last year. He was someone that everyone felt comfortable confiding in and always seemed to know just what to say. Your class, being one that works with word choice, is a great start towards this goal. I feel that I am going to enjoy your class and all it has to offer.

Wednesday, April 10, 2019

No Taxation Essay Example for Free

No revenue EssayThe demand of No Taxation without Representation was the primary force in motivating the American revolutionary movement. It was also a symbol for democracy and freedom to the American people. The slogan described how Americans werent represented in British sevens. Americans said that they did non vote for someone to represent them in sevens and therefore, cannot be taxed. Justice is what the people wanted.In the mid-1700s, due to the high debt created by the British after the French and Indian War, parliament created a series of new taxes used on only the American colonies to gain revenue. mavin of the most unpopular taxes, c everyed the Stamp Act, required a stamp to be put on all legal documents for a certain fee. This upset many people in the colonies including the Virginia House of Burgesses, which was the legislature in Williamsburg, Virginia, at the time. The committee there created a resolution to ask the same rights as Britons, who had representati ves in Parliament to defend themselves against taxation without representation (Document A). As Daniel Dulany says in Document C, A right to impose tax on the colonies, without their consent for the single purpose of revenue, is denied Dulany and many others agreed that taxing the colonists for revenue, or to make money, should not be allowed without the colonists agreement. Dulany also says that regulating the trade of the American Colonies is within the rights of the British to do so without American consent. The Americans took this to heart, and by 1765, the phrase of no taxation without representation was a common thought supported by Dulanys idea. The British then came up with Virtual Representation. Virtual Representation is the idea that every section of the British Empire is represented by every Member of Parliament. The colonists disagreed with Virtual Representation, still displaying their anger or unconstitutional taxes through No Taxation without Representation. In Docu ment F, the Second Continental Congress explains why they believe in the idea of independence and the explanation of taxation without representation is the first thing the address. In his pamphlet, Common Sense, Thomas Paine explains the absurdity of an island, England, ruling a continent, America. Common Sense begins to stir thoughts of revolution and independence in the minds of Americans.

Monday, April 8, 2019

Engineering Hours Accounting System Essay Example for Free

Engineering Hours account statement System EssayIntroductionAvitronics is a medium sized engineering comp some(prenominal) that produces components for the aerospace industry. Employees keep swing of the hours they work on different projects and at the end of the week turn in a timecard with this development on it. The company washbasin take up to roughly 12 buzz offs a year sever every last(predicate)y of these contracts is assigned a Job-Code.The Current SystemAt present for to from each one one one employee keeps track of their hours victimization their consume system. This could be as informal as a rough t solelyy on a particle of paper. At the end of the week, the employees fill their hours into a formal timecard, which is handed in and t all toldied by a clerk.Objectives of The natural SystemMr. Salomon (the chief accountant) would like a system with information entry forms so that each employee can input their own hours into the system at the end of each week . He would like to have pull-down menus for the business organisation-codes, so that clumsy engineers debut complicated codes do non hazard mistakes. Hours should be rounded to the ne arst one-fourth-hour. entropy entry should be quick and easy. Each individual employee should not be able to see the hours worked by anyone else.The information should be sent to a entropybase from Mr. Salomon can produce answer fors. He wants to be able to shake a account that shows how many hours each employee works each week (these should be sorted by employee flake). Mr. Salomon would as well like to have a chartical report, which shows the join number of hours worked each week against each contract.He would like to start a fresh new system at the start of each year.Mr. Salomon would also like an easy to understand enjoymentr guide, which should include complete instructions for a tiro, using no jargon.Performance IndicatorsMy solution impart have to* Prevent all employees seein g other employees hours.* Be primary to use, and not waste employees time.* Prevent errors wheresoever possible by using validation and combo-boxes.* go forth Mr. Salomon to fix reports (with graphs) from entered entropy.* Include a template for Mr. Salomon to specify the system at the start of the year.* Provide Mr. Salomon with a User Guide designed to embolden novice users when they atomic number 18 using the solution.* accurately calculate the total hours for each employee per week, accurate to each pull back hour. Accurately calculate the number of hours worked on each contract per week, accurate to each one-fourth-hour.If all of these criteria are met then my solution extend be successful.Design cream of SoftwareA Spread sheet of paper is the best solution to the problem because I can use the software easy already and I know how to solve the problem using this software. I have chosen to use Microsoft outperform because it is the most common piece of spreadsheet so ftware in general use. I could use an same spreadsheet package from a different company, but this may not be compatible with Mr. Salomons computer. Features of Excel that make it ideal for solving the problem* Ability to create a blank template* Pivot tables to create sophisticated reports with graphs* Formatting to help make it clear to the user where to enter data* Macros to automate diverse functions* Macros which will execute automatically on opening and closing workbooks* Validation and safeguard of carrells to hold on tamper and errorsSystems OverviewMy system will be based on one workbook, with three sheets (excluding reports). The Hours compliance sheet will be the main input form, where employees will enter the hours they have worked, on what days and on which contract. The Admin Options airplane is where the Administrator changes Contract numbers and groups, he/she also influences the week put downning date. The database sheet is where reports and charts will be produced form.Detailed DesignFollows on the next 6 pagesWorkbook and Sheet DiscussionHours Entry Sheet This sheet is designed to let the employees enter their hours in a quick and simple way. It is important to keep it simple so that employees do not become disgruntled and frustrated with the system. This sheet has a simple colouring material scheme that distinguishes input cells from cells where input is not necessary. Combo boxes are used to keep certain aspects simple and to prevent mistakes. Buttons are used to execute macro instructions that clear the sheet and transfer relevant data to the spreadsheet. As hours have to be recorded by the closest quarter-of-an-hour, I have used a hood formula in the total cells to prevent mistakes being do when data is transferred to the database.Admin Options Sheet This sheet contains any options the administrator may need to solidification concerning the system He/She can agree/remove contracts and add/remove groups of workers. At th e start of each working week He/She has to set the Week commencement ceremony date that is needed throughout the system, it is essential they enter this date catch up withly. The colour scheme for this sheet is simple, every cell is fresh, input cells have borders to distinguish them form non-input cells. This sheet contains two push buttons that execute macros Protect Workbook This macro opens up the protect workbook dialog, where the administrator can protect the whole workbook, with the exception with cells that are not Locked (input cells). out New Year This macro erases all the data in the workbook, and prepares the system for a new year. A warning box automatically pops up when this button is ticktocked to warn the user that they will be deleting all entered data from the previous year. This is to prevent all the data being removed accidentally.Database Sheet This sheet contains all the data that has been transferred from the Hours Entry Sheet. It contains Employee , Hours Worked for each employee. Job Code, Hours Worked for each contract.From this data, an employee report can be created, this is a report listing all the employees, and the number they have worked in a assumption week. From this data, a contract report can be created this is a report listing all the contracts and the number of hours worked on them for a given week. From this data a contract graph can be created, this is a graph showing the number of hours worked for a given contract over the past month (4 weeks). These outputs will need to look maestro and be suitable for their purpose.Data entry and ValidationThese are the fields in which data will be entered into my systemLast Name The employee will type this in. I chose this method, as at that place is no valid alternative.Employee This will be typed in by the employee. I chose this method because there is no reasonable alternative. Employee number is a four-digit number. This cell will be validated so that numbers bigg er than 9999 are not accepted also text is prevented from being entered. I use this validation so that problems do not occur further on the process, when reports sorted by employee number are being produced. assembly The user will select this via a combo box this ensures no typographical errors are do when typing it in. I am choosing to use a drop down box as there are few options for the employee to choose from.Job-Code This will be selected from a drop down box to prevent typographical errors being made. If it were a plain cell, with no validation or input aids, if an error was made it could cause unwanted consequences throughout the system.Monday Employees enter their hours by typing the number in the define cell. any number they enter will later be rounded up to the near quarter hour, by the use of a ceiling formula. The validation on this cell will be that it has to be a number between 0 and 20.Tuesday Employees enter their hours by typing the number in the set cell. some(prenominal) number they enter will later be rounded up to the nearest quarter hour, by the use of a ceiling formula. The validation on this cell will be that it has to be a number between 0 and 20.Wednesday Employees enter their hours by typing the number in the correct cell. every number they enter will later be rounded up to the nearest quarter hour, by the use of a ceiling formula. The validation on this cell will be that it has to be a number between 0 and 20.Thursday Employees enter their hours by typing the number in the correct cell. Any number they enter will later be rounded up to the nearest quarter hour, by the use of a ceiling formula. The validation on this cell will be that it has to be a number between 0 and 20.Friday Employees enter their hours by typing the number in the correct cell. Any number they enter will later be rounded up to the nearest quarter hour, by the use of a ceiling formula. The validation on this cell will be that it has to be a number betw een 0 and 20.Saturday Employees enter their hours by typing the number in the correct cell. Any number they enter will later be rounded up to the nearest quarter hour, by the use of a ceiling formula. The validation on this cell will be that it has to be a number between 0 and 20.Sunday Employees enter their hours by typing the number in the correct cell. Any number they enter will later be rounded up to the nearest quarter hour, by the use of a ceiling formula. The validation on this cell will be that it has to be a number between 0 and 20.User support to OperationUser Aids to Operation that I have used are combo boxes, and buttons that execute useful macros. Combo boxes assist the user with entering data when there are only a few options to choose from. They also help prevent mistakes from being made when typing out something complicated. For example in my system, the user uses a combo-box to select a job code, if they had to type every job code in it is more than presumable t hat every week several mistakes would be made. By using combo-boxes I have eliminated the probability of this occurring. By using buttons that execute macros I have enabled the employees to enter their hours in a simple entry form. If I did not use macros then each individual would have to type hours into the database, this could cause a long number of problems for the company.ProtectionSheet 1, Hours Entry SheetThe following cells on this sheet will not be protectedC6, Last NameC5, Employee C10C16, Mondays Hour Entry CellsD10D16, Tuesdays Hour Entry CellsE10E16, Wednesdays Hour Entry CellsF10F16, Thursdays Hour Entry CellsG10G16, Fridays Hour Entry CellsH10H16, Saturdays Hour Entry CellsI10I16, Sundays Hour Entry CellsThese cells will not be protected because when I protect the sheet, I want them to be editable. Eg the employees need to enter data into them.MacrosTransfer_Macro This macro will be executed from a button on the Hours Entry Sheet. The macro transfers required data f rom this sheet into the database. After it has transferred the data it will return the user to the Hours Entry Sheet, where they can exit the spreadsheet when they are ready. If the transfer is completed successfully then a message box will popup formulation Transfer Successful.Create_Employees_ overlay This macro will create a report on the employees. It will copy selected data from the database, paste it into a new sheet and format it appropriately. The report will show the employee number, last name, hours worked for each week for each employee stored in the database.Create_Contracts_Graph This macro will use selected data from the database to create a graph showing how many hours are spent on each job code over a period of weeks. The graph will show all of the job-codes and all of the data about each job code that is stored in the database.Auto_Open This will execute automatically when the spreadsheet is opened, it shows the Hours Entry Sheet and clear all of the white input cells. It will select the Employee input box ready for the user to begin.Clear This macro clears all of the white input cells in the Hours Entry Sheet. If the employee enters a few mistakes or realises he has entered totally premature data, instead of having to delete every piece of data separately he/she can simply click the button that executes this macro.Protect_Workbook This macro will be executed via a button on the Admin Options page, this will cutis all menus and the taskbar and take the user to the Hours Entry Sheet. It will also run the Clear macro so that the Hours Entry Sheet is always blank when it shows up.Start_New_Year This macro erases all data from the database ready for the system to begin a new year. The employees and job codes will stay on the admin options page as it would be paradoxical to assume that all the jobs were finished at the end of the last year.Data Flow Diagram scrutiny render StrategyThis is what my solution is required to do, as outline in the Performance Indicators section of the depth psychology* Prevent all employees seeing other employees hours.* Be simple to use, and not waste employees time.* Prevent errors wherever possible by using validation and combo-boxes.* Allow Mr. Salomon to create reports (with graphs) from entered data.* Include a template for Mr. Salomon to reset the system at the start of the year.* Provide Mr. Salomon with a User Guide designed to assist novice users when they are using the solution.* Accurately calculate the total hours for each employee per week, accurate to each quarter hour. Accurately calculate the number of hours worked on each contract per week, accurate to each quarter-hour.Here is an outline of the essays I will have to carry out on my spreadsheet* Does my system open correctly?* Ensure that the Database and Admin sections are hidden from the employees.* Ease of Use, as little complications as possible.* Tests of Validation (effects of incorrect/extreme data entry)* Tests of Protection* Accurate calculation of hours* Does my spreadsheet cause problems after closing?Test PlanThe following raises will be performedBasic Function Tests1. Open my spreadsheet.2. Add data as outlined in test data set 1.3. Test the Submit Hours button.4. Add data as outlined in test data set 2.5. Test the Clear Form Button.6. Add data as outlined in test data set 3.7. Test the Submit Hours button.8. Test the Exit System button.9. Reopen the spreadsheet.10. Try entering data from test data set 4.11. Try entering data in a locked cell (eg. The cell containing the word Group and the cell containing the word Totals).Admin Function Tests12. Open my spreadsheet.13. Test Admin Options button, enter discussion from test data set 5.14. Test Admin Options button, enter password from test data set 6.15. Test the Enter New Employee button. Enter the data as outlined in test data set 7.16. Select cell F19, Test the redact Job Code button.17. Select cell B11, click the Delete Job Code button.18. Test the Enter New Job-Code button, enter the data as outlined in test data set 8.19. Test the Enter New Job-Code button.20. Test the Create Contract-Chart button.21. Test the Employee Report button.22. Test the Change System Password button. Enter the password as outlined in test data set 9.23. Test the Protect System button.24. Test the Admin Options button. Enter the password as outlined in test data set 6. Error massage should appear.25. Test the Admin Options button. Enter the password as outlined in test data set 9.26. Test the Change System Password button enter the original password again as outlined in test data set 6.27. Test the Start New Year button.28. Click File then Exit please do not save any changes to the spreadsheet.Jonathan Stamp ICT Excel Coursework Page 1 of 17Jonathan Stamp ICT Excel Coursework Page 1 of 17

Sunday, April 7, 2019

The Comitatus Bond Essay Example for Free

The Comitatus Bond EssaySo now, Beowulf, I adopt you in my heart as a dear son. Nourish and maintain this new connection, you noblest of men. . . (63). Beowulf is an epic poem nigh the adventures, journey and maturation of a young legendary warrior from adolescence to his adulthood as a noble king. He gained his great reputation from his brave deeds of slaying the monstrous Grendel, his avenging mother, and the fiery dragon while being an honorable and selfless hero and ruler. Beowulf also presents an deification of loyalty to thane, the comitatus sting. The failure to live up to this psychel perplex on the part of some thanes point up the extraordinary faithfulness of Beowulf.The comitatus follow is a comradery between a master and his warriors. This relationship requires the warriors/thanes to defend their master to the death in rallying for share of wealth, protection and weapons. However, this comitatus code goes beyond the typical warrior-defending-master relationsh ip but rather into a bond of love and friendship. The epic story of Beowulf started out with the portrayal of a failed brotherhood. Grendel was a descendant of Cain, the most disreputable slayer of his own brother and of the comitatus bond. Cain got no good from committing that murder because the Almighty . . . exacted a price . . . and do him an anathema . . . (9).Grendels lineage and the idea of a person against his family were very dishonorable and looked down upon by the Anglo-Saxon culture. Thus, Grendel came to represent a character of resentment and malice. The unfulfillment of this comitatus bond continued with the failure of female monarch Hrothgars thanes to defend Haerot Hall and their master key from the vicious Grendel. This inadequacy demonstrated the complexity and the difficulty to uphold the bond between a lord and his warriors but paved as a good introduction for our brave hero who shall overshadow all with his extreme allegiance and honor.Beowulf was consider ed a unadulterated hero through the idea of always living up to the comitatus. He started out as a young hero with a questionable reputation who needed to prove himself. After he heard about the attack on Haerot Hall, Beowulf felt his duty to defend it when the kings current thanes could not. King Hrothgar believed that . . . His goodness guided him here to the West-Danes to defend them from Grendel. . . (27). Beowulf believed in what Hrothgar stood for and was willing to fight for him. Besides his allegiance to the king Hygelac, Beowulf felt obliged for a man of great power and strength to defend Haerot in order to preserve life. This obligation fulfill the comitatus bond between King Hrothgar and King Hygelac as well as Beowulfs duty as a warrior to defend and protect his lord. til now after he defeated Grendel, Beowulf still did not depart from until Haerot Hall was rid of all evil and malicious creatures.He knew the threat and danger Grendels vengeful mother posed and willf ully eliminated her in order to protect the people and fully fulfill his mission. His actions and ethical motive were defined in the comitatus code. He portrayed this comitatus image with such perfection that he can be no less than a hero and treated as such for . . . his heroism . . . will furbish up him with a rich treasure (27). This excellently depicted the lord and thane relationship for it showed the great appreciation the lord, King Hrothgar, has for his thane, Beowulf. Even when he was given such compensation and fortune, Bewoulf further demonstrated his honor and commitment to the comitatus bond by sharing the prizes with his brave thanes, who defended and helped defeat Grendel and his mother, and to his homeland. This act depicted and evince his chivalrous and selfless character.Even after Beowulfs legendary feats as a warrior and thane, his extraordinary loyalty to the comitatus code still remained inherent as a great and snotty-nosed king. He ruled it well for fifty winters, grew old and wise as warden of the land. . . (151). Beowulf provided his people and thanes with wisdom, protection and prosperity for fifty years. His gradual ascension to the throne gained him more experience, fellowship and patience on ruling Geatland. However, his and his thanes loyalty was tested when the ferocious dragon was provoked and wreaked havoc in his kingdom. Beowulfs amazing comitatus relationship to his people and his thanes as well as his pride and prowess in the long run led him to his own demise.His decision to fight the dragon with just a few warriors failed to prevail because of his thanes ineptness and cowardice. No help or backing was to be had then from his high-born comrades the hand-picked troop broke ranks and ran for their lives to the safety of the woodwind instrument (175). The thanes unfulfillment of their comitatus bond to Beowulf proved to be the fatal defeat for their lord and their kingdom. But de spitefulness his most of his thanes fat al actions, Beowulfs loyalty and commitment to the comitatus persisted and finally destroyed the dragon. It accentuated his amazing devotion and allegiance to his people and his thanes for it emphasized how hes rather die of a worthy and noble cause than of old age. Beowulf has trustworthy his fate in confidence and perfection and that even the greatest of heroes cannot live forever.Throughout Beowulfs life, he has adhered exceptionally to the code of conduct in which all warriors should live by. He has formed ties and set standards for lord and thane and turned a relationship of service into a bond of brotherly love and friendship. In spite of conflicts and disloyalty of some, his faithfulness and allegiance to his people and thanes endured and proved to be one of his greatest assets to turn him into a perfect model hero and a defender of the comitatus code.

Saturday, April 6, 2019

Responsibilities and Duties Essay Example for Free

Responsibilities and Duties EssayExecutive housekeepers be usu exclusivelyy in charge of overseeing the cleaning process of outsized establishments like hospitals, nursing homes and hotels. These positions are normally indoors, although some(prenominal) time can be spent outdoors at lodging establishments. Work hours are make during the day, but evening or night hours are common with establishments that are plain-spoken around the clock. A standard haveweek for many executive housekeepers is 40 hours, although overtime or weekend hours can be required during busy periods.ASSISTANT HOUSEKEEPERAssistant executive housekeepers support the executive housekeeper and other cleaning supervisors in all duties of the housekeep operation. Assistant executive housekeepers coordinate, schedule and supervise housecleaning staff, inspect building areas for correct cleaning, and inventory cleaning supplies. They provide on-the-job training, coordinate the housekeeping schedule and fac ilitate communications among guests, housekeeping staff and other hotel managersFLOOR MANAGERAs Floor Manager, you will supervise the work of a team of inhabit attendants or housekeeping assistants, servicing a floor, or several floors of the hotel between you. You penning to the head housekeeper, and may deputies in that persons absence (depending on your seniority over the other floor housekeepers). lag has to be briefed, and their work checked. Reception must be informed when rooms are ready for re-letting, or if there is a problem (such as a late departure, or if two people attend to be occupying a room for one person). Maintenance will need to be told of repairs and replacements. You may to a fault be prudent for issuing cleaning materials clean linen and guest suppliers (soap, shampoo, etc.) to your staff, for their rooms. You will need to be aware of safety and hygiene risks, and alert to security concerns. Your master key/card will open all the guest rooms in your are a of the hotel.PUBLIC AREA SUPERVISORJob descriptions for prevalent area attendants show that the primary duty for personal area attendants is to keep one or much public spaces within a facility clean and safe. They thus may be responsible for removing hazards, dusting, vacuuming, polishing, excretion ashtrays and trash receptacles, wiping down surfaces and performing other housecleaning tasks. Additionally, public area attendants may greet customers, get along customer questions and relay customer needs to other employees or to their supervisor.LAUNDRY ATTENDANTLaundry attendants are essential components of the networks of housekeeping and maintenance staffs found in commercial and public facilities. Common facilities where laundry attendants work include hospitals, gyms, spas and hotels. The duties of a laundry attendant may vary depending on the place of employment further knowledge of relevant health issues and policies is always required.LINEN ROOM SUPERVISORSupervises and coordinates activities of workers engaged in storing linens and corroding apparel, assembling loads for DRIVER, sales way, and maintaining stock in linen supply establishments Assigns duties to workers. Inventories articles in stock, such as table linens, bed sheets, towels, and uniforms, and confers with SUPERINTENDENT, LAUNDRY to request replacement of articles in short supply. Counts articles in loads for DRIVER, SALES ROUTE to ensure agreement with quantity specified on load sheet Confers with DRIVER, SALES ROUTE and with customers to resolve complaints and to modify orders according to size, color, and type of articles specified.ROOM ATTENDANTRoom attendant are responsible in cleaning the guestrooms, rendering night turn-down-service, giving guest requests and maintenance and cleaning of guestroom hallways, service areas (including linen closet and room attendants comfort room) and guest elevator / service trucks.)PUBLIC AREA ATTENDANTKeeps all lobbies and public facilities (such as lobby restrooms, telephone area, the front desk, and offices) in a neat and clean condition. in the public eye(predicate) area attendant promotes a positive image of the property to guests and must be pleasant, honest, and friendly and should also able to address guest requests and problems.LINEN ROOM ATTENDANTJob purpose of linen room attendant is to perform all activities associated with the retrieval of soiled linen, processing of linen and distribution of clean linen.HOUSEMENA houseman carries out general duties in a home or hotel. His duties can be across-the-board and general like handling minor maintenance issues to cleaning up after banquets and other large gatherings. A housemans duties are, essentially, a combination of small jobs that are performed as needed by his employers.

A foodborne disease that is estimated to have infected one third of the human population Essay Example for Free

A dietborne disease that is estimated to have infected one third of the serviceman universe EssayToxoplasmosis is a foodborne disease that is estimated to have infected one third of the human population (2). Not only does Toxoplasmosis infect humans, but it is in addition been found in almost all of the home some othermic animals, primarily cats (3). Toxoplasmosis was first found in 1908 by Nicolle and Manceaux in the cells of the gundi, a type of rodent, in Brazil. It was also found by Splendore to be in the tissues of a rabbit. Fifteen years later, in 1923, a bootleg case of toxoplasmosis was reported in a child. Finally in 1939, toxoplasmosis was identified as a event of human disease (2).Toxoplasmosis seemed to first be described by Toxoplasmosis is caused by a parasite called Toxoplasma gondii. Toxoplasma gondii has two types of hosts, a definitive and an intermediate. Cats are the only definitive hosts for Toxoplasma gondii meaning that only when the parasite infect s the cat depart it prove oocysts (eggs). Toxoplasma gondii testament not produce eggs in other warm-blooded animals. When the cat digests food that contains this parasite, the Toxoplasma gondii inside of the cat will be released into the digestive tract where it will then multiply and produce oocysts in the small intestine. This process is called intraintestinal infection cycle.The parasite is released in large quantities through the feces. The cat will also start shedding oocysts after 3 days of being infected and will broaden to shed for 10 to 14 days. T he oocysts are very resilient and can kick the bucket up to a year. Other oocysts in the cat penetrate deeper into the intestine and develop tachyzoite which is the parasites form of rapid growth. The tachyzoite spreads throughout the body and start the extraintestinal infection cycle. When the insubordinate system responds, the tachyzoite go into their resting act and become bradyzoites, which is a slow growing form (3). A human or any other intermediate host can then be exposed to the parasite through either feeding meat contaminated with the parasite or accidently (or not) swallowing cat feces (1).The oocysts are not immediately morbific as they must first go through a process called sporulation which takes from one to quintuplet days. Once the sporulated oocysts are in the intermediate host, they develop tissue cysts which stay in the host for spirit (3). When Toxoplasma gondii enters the human host, tachyzoites begin to develop and infect various organs.The parasite then enters the brain and creates oocysts. It then establishes a chronic infection which taxes the immune system (4). Toxoplasmosis usually doesnt show any for most people. everlasting(a) cases of toxoplasmosis usually develop in babies whose mother was infected by toxoplasmosis or by people with compromised immune systems such as people with HIV. Some people with mild cases of toxoplasmosis may exhibit flu-like symptoms with sw ollen houri glands along with sore muscles for a month or more. However, the severe cases can cause individuals to develop cephalitis along with eye and other organ damage. Patients may begin to experience pain that is accompanied by a bright light along with reduced vision and redness of the eye (1).Toxoplasmosis1 http//www.cdc.gov/parasites/toxoplasmosis/2 http//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2704023/?tool=pubmed 3 http//www.vet.cornell.edu/fhc/brochures/toxo.html4 http//schizophreniabulletin.oxfordjournals.org/content/33/3/745.fullPenicillium chrysogenum5 http//botit.botany.wisc.edu/toms_fungi/nov2003.html6 http//www.biology.ed.ac.uk/ query/groups/jdeacon/microbes/penicill.htm 7 http//bioweb.uwlax.edu/bio203/s2008/kitzmann_step/

Friday, April 5, 2019

Challenges for Construction Project Planning

Ch in eitherenges for Construction Project prep ardness2.1 IntroductionThis chapter go away retrospect the literature which has been exampled for this dissertation. A number of important aspects will be covered , including an over chance of Construction Planning as well as determining what ch onlyenges are faced on a daily base by anatomical structure protrudeners. This chapter will alike review research relating to Planning proficiencys employ and software packages lendable within the Construction persistence.2.2 Construction Project PlanningProject centering washbasin be seen as the application of scratchs and techniques utilised to guide the use of resources towards achieving a n intricate undertaking within the const raint s of cartridge clip, cost and flavor. From conception to completion, a mixture of these tools techniques is needful to fit the task environment and hold life clock time cycle.The British Standard for bulge out solicitude (BS6079 1996) defined final cause management as, The cooking, overseeing and find of all aspects of a hear and the motivation of all those involved in it to achieve the project objectives on time and to the contract cost, quality and swear pop. The UK association of Project Management (APM) pee produced a UK body of knowledge UK (BoK) which in like manner provides a definition for project management as The course of studyning, organisation, monitoring and stool of all aspects of a project and the motivation of all involved to achieve the project objectives safely and within agreed time, cost and performance criteria. The project handler is the hotshot point of responsibility for achieving this.Project Management as we know immediately has evolved in order to plan, coordinate and control the complex and diverse activities of modern industrial, commercial and management swap projects. ( whorl 2007)To allow for trenchant formulation and control of projects, a take onment for sy stematic and logical method actings should be utilize a farseeing with proven techniques, thus ensuring a successful project outcome for all concerned tripies, specially the client. Without planning it is difficult to envisage the successful conclusion of any project or the effective control of time, m iodiney or resources. Planning is also indwelling in order to deal with look encounters and complot safe leading methods. (Cooke 2008)Project Planning is defined as the establishment of a roach of directions in sufficient detail to tell the project team exactly what must be done, when it must be done and what resources to use in order to produce the deliverables of the project successfully. (Zwikael 2008). Construction planning is an essential and intriguing practise in the management and implementation of reflexion projects. It occupies the choice of technology, the description of feat tasks, the estimation of the necessary resources and continuances for individual tas ks, and the identification of any interactions among the different wee tasks. Hendrickson (1998) gestates a good construction plan is the behind for developing the budget and the schedule for work. It is on that pointforecommon to adopt a conspicuous importance on either cost control or on schedule control as illustrated in bit 2.1.Walker (2007) overturns that by having a project schedule to work to and sticking to it, you will well be on your way to delivering successful projects. This would be dependant on effective communic ation and efficiency at all presents of the project and with an aim to reducing risk, time and cost.2.3 The Construction PlannerConstruction project planning is receiving outgrowth caution as the limitations of formal deterministic planning are becoming more widely recognised. (Winch, Kelsey 2004). on that point is growing concern over the failure of construction planning to achieve its goals in spite of the colossal resources allocated to it. Defic ient planning techniques are commonly blamed for this state. (Laufer, Tucker, 1987)There has been considerable debate over the farther closely decade or so on the effectiveness of construction project planning. However, there is remarkably scant(p) research into what construction project contrivers veridically do.Laufer and Tucker provide a critique of construction planning.They defy that-the planning and evaluation of planning processes are non-existentthere is over-emphasis on captious path methodsplanners lack construction populateplanners get to poor info gathering methodsplanning is control-oriented instead of action-orientedPlans are been poorly presented with overly-complex information.In a subsequent paper (1994) Laufer and his colleagues look at the definition and allocation of planning work. They found that there was no clear system at work and planning was done in a numerousness of ways. They call for the process to be properly co-ordinated by a single individua l who will name birth the planning process and improve communication. Winch and Kelsey (2005) cerebrate the specialist planner has the time to do the work but in wind up practical knowledge. The line manager has the practical knowledge but does not deliver the quality time to fly the coop out the task. The specialist planner has better strategic decision- fashioning skills than the short-term decision-making management of the line manager. They then go on to say gentle wind managers see the delegation of key decision-making to other as a threat to their position.These problems are confirmed in Laufer (1992) wider project management charter and can result inThe planner preparing a plan which has incomplete information and in-adequate decision making authority.The line manager treating such plans as merely an irrelevant forecast prepared by another.Allen Smallwood (2008) believe Construction planners and the role they perform are little understood both within the constructi on sedulousness and the wider environment where construction has a daily impact.Planning occupies a central position in the functions of the manager. His responsibilities whitethorn vary with organisational philosophy and contingency but planning invariably re of imports an essential ingredient of his duties. (Steiner, 1979). frequently Research and Development effort has been made during the last three decades but progress with techniques has not withdraw the dissatisfaction with the application and results of construction planning (Choudhury 1981, Mason 1984, Morton 1983).Effective construction planning demands that it is carried out by sufficient and experienced personnel. While the estimator must re chief(prenominal) in charge or pricing the work, some contracts, today, are too complex for the estimator to ordain-up the ghostle the technical content of pre- adoring appraisal. It is here that the construction planner has a major function.2.4 Planning TechniquesMost plannin g techniques aim to express the work to be done, to a time-scale some also include resources, and perhaps cost and value. In simple terms, they in bleed to help control time and cost. The other major factor in project control, quality, is controlled by its own family of control techniques and quality is related to time and cost done the skill and judgement of the project management team.Neale (1989) believes the major components of planning techniques areActivities literally, being busy, expending energy, consuming resources, taking time in construction planning, this means a job to be done for example preparing a drawing, an order to be places, a hole to be dug, bricks to be laid in a wall, a flow of water to be diverted. action at law durations the time required for the completion of each activenessProject time-scale the time structure of the project it is usual to give each week in the project a number (this makes calculation easier), and these then have to be related to calen dar dates, holidays, etc.Event an occurrence at a specific point in time for example, the granting of planning consent, of the start or end of a traffic diversion.Work method the plan must be expressed in some logical way, indicating the sequence of operations, and which activities and events are interrelated this whitethorn be implicit (as with legal community charts) or exlicit (in network depth psychology, where work method is unremarkably called logic.)Resources often called the quatern Ms (men, machines, materials and money) but can include overheads (for example, grade accommodation), and even such essentials as managerial skill.cost what the work has or will cost, often derived directly from the unit cost of the individual resources.Value what has or can be earned by payment for work done derived from the bill of quantities, the estimate or an internal budget. The calculation of value-to-date can be used as an overall measure of project progress.2.5 quaternity techniques are often used in construction planningBar charts,Network analysis,Line-of-balance running(a) computer political platforms.2.5.1 The bar chart/ Gantt ChartDrafting of a bar chart is popular because it produces results which are easy to bring in and not too searching of the planner. Its use is control to planning straightforward work with simple relationships in the midst of the activities. This in writing(p) technique still forms the foundation for most resource scheduling. Its major drawback is that even minor deviations from it require extensive redrafting as a result making it more difficult to having to hand a synchronal bar chart that is a reliable indicator of future events.The main features of the bar chart are as followsThe activities are listed on the vertical axisTime is shown on the horizontal axis. This may be an appropriate time unit, such as months or days. individually bar is divided horizontally into two, with the raising half representing when the activity is planned to take place, and the bottom shared in, as proportions of the activity are accurate.A vertical movable marker line indicates the current time, thus enabling the observer to note if any activities are behind computer programme, and to what extent.Refer to Figure 2.2 for additional information.The format of the bar chart presumes that the end exploiter (client) can involve the same judgment that was in the mind of the planner when he was compiling it. In highly repetitive or simple work it can be implied that the users will better check the thought process of the planner. However as project complexity increases the users ability to monitor the project in relation to the programme is reduced un slight it is understoodWhat work is important to progress?Of the activities before long behind programme what, if any, effect do they have on overall progress?On the contrary, if most of the actual work is ahead of programme, does this mean that the current prediction is that th e project will be complete in advance of the targeted completion date? The answer is definitely not an automatic yes.To provide an conscious response, an understanding of the relationships betwixt programme activities is crucial. Neale (1989) consider these deceivingly simple questions contradict issues which are at the breast of many construction disputes, namely considerations for extension of time.2.5.2 Network AnalysisUnlike a bar chart, activities are not shown on an axis of time. What the network portrays is the logical relationship between activities. Network analysis is a powerful, logical and analytical technique. It is most effective when used for complicated projects, especially those with external constraints and complex interrelationships.The technique is based on drawing the logical relationships between construction operations, and from an analysis of the relative durations, establishing which operations have the most crucial effect on the project duration. It can b e drawn in a number of ways, the most well-known in the UK being the arrow diagram.The technique is sometimes known as the critical path method (CPM), and critical path analysis (CPA). A version which incorporates a statistical method for calculating the probability that a project will be completed on a specific date is called the programme evaluation and review technique. (PERT)The identification of a critical path focuses the attention of the individuals managing the project and highlights to clients and their advisors the tasks that require to be busyly well managed with regard to time. The duration of critical path represents the shortest duration in which the project can be completed.Delays to activities on the critical path transmit directly through to extend the project completion date. This provides advanced warning of the pending break to completion and enables the avower (or employer) to put forward recovery action at a useful point in time rather than waiting until it is manifestly obvious that the completion date is threatened. If the employer or his Architect/Engineer (A/E) instructs additional work which affects the activities on the critical path then the asseverator has grounds for a claim for an extension of time. The term critical path is widely used in the construction industry what is not fully appreciated is how considerably the critical path can change.Network analysis has a good and inclusive logical theme, lends itself easily to computer processing, and can be used as an effective control tool. These exceptional characteristics are also known to be its principal weakness as it is easier for the planner to be drawn into a level of planning and analysis that is much to detailed and advanced for most construction projects.2.5.3 Line of BalanceLine of balance is a specialised technique used for repetitive work. It derived from the manufacturing industry and has been found to be effective in planning work truly repetitive. Examples o f success applications include planning the construction of very(a) floors in high rise construction, and large living accommodations developments.Line of balance has been found to be difficult to use on projects which have a high demand for trades or operations to construct each identical unit. The problems arise not from the technique itself, but from the difficult of showing all the information on one chart, particularly when utilise the technique to monitor progress. When used to plan, it can be an excellent means of relating resources, activity durations and the general pace of work on land website. Neale (1989).Illingworth (1993) considers the line of balance approach has largely fallen out of use in todays industry due to the fact it was designed primarily for housing and did not readily provide clear visual appreciation of the situation at a glance.2.5.4 Linear Programme (or time-chainage chart)Linear programming is a specialised technique for linear work. This is a basi c tool of UK road contractors. Other successful applications include the construction of a large canal in a developing country, and it is especially useful in tunnelling. Illingworth (1993).Similar to line of balance, this is a simple two- dimensional graphical technique and can show clearly only a limited amount of information and limited degree of complexity.Figure 2.6 Linear Programme (Neale 1989)Linear Programme Activities (Neale 1989)2.6 Which technique?The experienced planner in construction needs to be aware of the techniques available, together with the value of each, both in the planning analysis role and how then can be applied to give effective control and communication to management on site. Illingworth (1993).Like any other professional, the planner has to select the right tool for the job. To make the refuse decision, it is therefore a requirement to examine what is wanted in a particular situation programme. Illingworth (1993) believes the main points of this choice are as followsDoes the method aid initial analysis of the situation and especially in establishing the best sequence of events?Are deficiencies in progress shown up as the work proceeds? potful visiting management obtain and immediate view of the contract situation on arrival on site?With the preponderance of subcontractors on site today, does the programme method give assistance in notes flow control?According to Illingworth, from these questions it is unlikely to be the answer to all desires. Therefore it is said to be better to consider the situation in two stages tender planning on the one hand and the operational planning after the contract has been won, on the other.2.7 Planning PracticeIn order to look further the reality of construction project planning semi-structured interviews were conducted between July and December 2000 with 18 experienced planners from quin leading UK construction firms. Most of the planners interviewed were currently involved in planning at the t ender stage including assembly and presentation of the tender documentation. About half of those were also involved at the tender/ pre-construction stage. merely a few were further involved during the site works. (Refer to figure 2.7). Generally, although a number of the interviewed planners had on-site experience the typical pattern is that a planner works either at the pre-tender, pre-execution stages or on site but not simultaneously. The exceptions tend to be where planners work for some time on a single large project. In such cases it may make sense (from the employers point of view) for their work to contribute on to the execution stage.2.8 Programming Considerations at the Tender StageUpon receipt of tender documentation, the contractor will appoint human resources tasked with compiling a tender submission based upon the tender enquiry. One of the main individual in this team is the person accountable for producing the tender programme, the construction planner. Whether or not the contractual terms require a programme to be produced or not should be irrelevant at this stage. The tender programme is an important document produced by the contractor which is used for measuring many risk and cost related issues. In particular, the assessment of cost of the contractors time related forward items as drawn off the content of the tender programme. For example, the anticipated on site durations for different members of staff, periods of hold up hire and duration for site accommodation are items that cannot be priced by the estimator without reference to the tender programme.When compiling the tender programme, the construction planner must incorporate the information supplied with the enquiry noting any specified constraints contained in either the contract bills, specification or drawings. Conflict between documents often exists and a view had to be taken on how to proceed. Clarification may be sought from the employer or his agents, assumptions made and u tter along with the submission or the conflict may be ignored and the information that best suits the contractor is assumed without qualification or avouchment.It is accepted in the industry that many bids are won or lost on the programme duration alone. This happens frequently where a bill of quantities is being priced and the experienced contractors tend towards similar prime cost for similar items.On completion of reviewing tender documents, drawings, specification and bills, which may be typically done over a period of one or two weeks, the construction planner will establish the work scope which will be addressed in the creation of a tender programme. The main objective is to be aware of the specified period for construction. Additional to the completed programme should be a schedule of resources which corresponds with the programme and a series of method statements signifying construction techniques and equipment to be assiduous in carrying out the work.2.9 Programming on Si teWhen the contract is won, the site planning is equally important. It is usually at this point that the site manager will have his first chance to examine the methods on which the job was priced. What is important to recognise, at this point, is that planning must be seen as an addition to management. Thus the site manager must have the right to question the planning methods on which the contract was priced. To do so, site managers require the technical dependableise to assess what has been put forward. In so doing, the manager concerned must, for his part, accept that if he wants to change the method from that in the priced tender, he must demonstrate that his utility(a) is obviously cheaper, or at least as cheap, as that priced in the tender submission.When final covenant has been reached, the planning function can be established on site and develop the final method to be adopted. This, in turn, will lead to the contract master programme and such subsidiary programmes as may b e necessary.On completion of all methods being confirmed the construction planner continues to have a significant role on site. First, in developing control and short-term programmes for all organisations bring to the contract under the main or managing contractor. Second, the construction planners cherished knowledge of how the work was originally planned makes him uniquely placed to examine the potential consequences of alterations to what has to be built. In this area he is a valuable source of information to the site quantity surveyor when assessing where possible contractural claims may arise.Today, with the ever increase use of trade sub-contractors as well as specialist service contractors, the experienced construction planner has the option of either seeing the role as satisfying its own right, or as an essential ingredient of experience for becoming a successful site manager. Illingworth (1993).2.10 Purpose of a ProgrammeThe set applicable to the mechanics of construction planning are similar whether you are a main contractor submitting a quotation to an employer, a sub-contractor quoting to the main contractor, or even a construction manager providing programme assist to an employer. Common principles apply when compiling a construction programme, that of methodical analysis.The contractors construction programme is an important common reference. It shows how the planner they have interpreted the contract documents and other information from which the statement of intent for construction is issued. As the key programme for the construction work, its content is of the utmost significance to all parties charged with handing over to the employer a building fit for purpose within the contract time stated.A well prepared programme is vital to every construction project. Many activities have to be carefully defined and given a time scale, and it necessary not only to assemble and list the information but also to display it visually in terms of the contra cts objectives and the calendar. The working sequences and the relationships between individual activities must be clearly conveyed in this visual presentation. The Chartered Institute of Building (2001).They consider the construction programme to be a statement of intended actions, which when properly used provides management with its plan of campaign. It should communicate with ease, providing the common reference for the timing of all activities related to the project.2.11 Construction Planning SoftwareAn expert planner faced with the task of producing and analysing a network for a project containing only few activities will undoubtedly produce the fastest results by drawing a freehand arrow diagram and analysing it mentally. Lock (2007). He believes it is likely to take longer when using a computer because of the formalities needed to set up the advanced project files in the system and enter the data.David Arditi and Ann Rackas compiled a short tale in May of 1986 with an aim in ascertaining the need for computer software to assist is construction planning and scheduling. This report concluded, the individual needs of a given construction company are the primary reasons for choosing a particular software package. For example, one of the participating general contractors basic requirements was to have a 40-character activity description field a particularly individual need.They continued to suggest if a program is to survive the inevitable shakeout that occurs after the initial development and interest have peaked it must suggest the features and capacities that are required by the user. In addition, every effort should be made to make computers less mysterious and confusing as they will be dealing with the construction market.Today there are many planning software packages available to the construction industry. Asta Powerproject, Microsoft Project, Primavera, PERT Master to name a few. Each package is commonly suited to the individual needs of the plan ner. Some programs present a blank Gantt chart on the screen as soon as they are booted up, and it is apparent to the user that task data can be typed in immediately.Most programs allow the user/ planner to establish project durations, critical path network, allocate resources, assign costs to tasks and monitor progress throughout the project. As a result, most construction planning professionals use such packages daily.2.12 Construction Planning ChallengesLock (2007) considers anyone planning a project of significant surface will soon find out that there are a number of factors, both inside and outside the project organisation that can have an effect on the planners intentions. These are as follows2.12.1 External FactorsAll projects are subject to risk, many of which can have an enormous impact on plans. Lock (2007) deems the following are just four from the long catalogue of happenings that can be categorised as Acts of GodAn earthquake devastates a project organisations headquar ters.A hurricane and flood put a project site under a metre of water and delay the start or ruin the work in progress.An influenza epidemic puts half the project workforce out of action. (Swine flu outbreak 2008 recorded thousands of people off work for over 5 days.)The project manager (a keen golfer) is struck by lightning.The national government can play an important part on the smooth running of a project. E.g. the project could be government-funded and is cancelled or abandoned through a political decision. Lock (2007) also considers less immediate concerns which are the wider and longer-term economic consequences of government polity leading to downscaling of projects, delays and cancellations in all sectors of industry.Decisions made outside the project team can also have an affect on many characteristics of planning. E.g. a decision is made at directorate level to carry out a project in a different company within the group from that initially anticipated or a strategic deci sion is made to cut short all new staff recruitment resulting in a lower number of available resources formerly expected to be available for projects.2.12.2 Working FactorsLock (2007)These are items which are likely to affect the project team on a daily basis. Examples include availability of resources, materials etc.People are believed to be a construction organisations greatest resource. Construction operations depend on the knowledge and skills of people planning and executing the work. Muir (2005.) Research has been carried out to reveal that the construction industry is typically viewed as being one of the least attractive industries in which to work.Safety plays an important part in the running of a project. Construction by nature is unsurprisingly dangerous with a high degree of hazard and risk. The Health Safety Executive believe each yearOver 1 million injuries and 2.3 million cases of ill-health are experienced by workers about 40 million working days are to lost andOver 25000 individuals are forced to give up work because of injury or ill health.These cost British employers on average 3.3 to 6.5 gazillion each year. Most organisations are oblivious of these figures and are often astonished to find out what the actual costs are.Recent HSE Examples (2009)An injury to a worker using an unguarded drill cost a small engineering company 45,000. And that was not all. The managing director was prosecuted from which two employees had to be made redundant to forbear the company afloat.At the other end of the scale the Piper Alpha explosion killed 167people and incurred estimated costs of over 2 billion.Accidents in construction can account for 3 6 % of total project costs.2.12.3 Contribution of effective PlanningEffective Planning and scheduling influences the results of a project as is promotes well-organised working. military force who are not trying continually to overcome crises caused by bad planning can intrust more time to achieving high quality s tandards. A well-planned project stands more chance of being completed on time and on budget.2.13 Chapter SummaryDescriptionAuthorSourceTo allow for effective planning and control of projects, a requirement for systematic and logical methods should be applied along with proven techniques.Cooke 2008 change Construction planning through 4d PlanningProject Planning is defined as the establishment of a set of directionsZwikael 2008Critical Planning Processes in Construction ProjectsA good Construction plan is the basis for developing the budget and the schedule for workHenrickson 1998Construction Planning TechniquesHaving a project schedule to work to and sticking to it, you will be well on your way to delivering successful projectsWalker 2007Project Management in Construction, (5th edition)Construction Planners and the olr they perform are little understood both within the Construction industry and the wider environmentAllan Smallwood 2008Improving Construction planning through 4d Pla nningMajor Components of planning techniques are Activities, Activity durations, Project time-scale, Event, Work method, Resources, Costs ValueNeale 1989Engineering Management. Construction PlanningFour techniques often used Bar chart, Network analysis, Line-of-balance, Linear programmesNeale 1989Engineering Management. Construction PlanningExperienced planner in construction needs to be aware of the techniques availableIllingworth 1993Construction Methods and PlanningLikely to take longer when using construction planning softwareLock 2007Project Management,9th edition,Planning a project of significant size will soon find that there a number