Gothic Architecture and Renaissance Architecture Comparison

Gothic Architecture and Renaissance Architecture ComparisonIntroductionGothic computer computer architecture and Renaissance architecture atomic number 18 both the comprehensive expression of culture in their own times. Gothic architecture st frauded in 12th-century France and lasted for 4 centuries, into the 16th. After that, renaissance architecture took the fleck of Gothic architecture from 15 century until 17 century from Florence, Italy. Different time-backgrounds, social cultures, spiritual believes and different aesthetical standards from origins are the main reasons that formed these dickens polarity architectural style, Gothic and Renaissance. They represent their time and nation, becoming a specific language. In this essay, I will study and compare two finest kit and boodle from each era, Amiens Cathedral and Florence Cathedral, trying to find out the contrast of these two architecture styles by means of the angle of historical evolution on atomic number 63an archite cture. sequence background and characteristics of Gothic architectureGothic architecture evolved from Romanesque architecture and then flourished during the high and late medieval period. Gothic started from the 12th century France and it spreaded to the entire Europe, in particular south and middle Europes architecture are deeply influenced.Europe was divided into a multitude of city states and kingdoms at the end of the 12th century. Throughout Europe archived its heyday because of the rapid growth in trade and the development of artisan industry, and an associated growth in towns (Banister, 1975 tush 1950). Because of Germany and the Lowlands were in comparative peace, emerged lots of prodigious well-off towns. With the purpose of competition with former(a) towns, or united for mutual weal, citizens had in truth high enthusiasm to built religious buildings. Those buildings were importance to these towns, represented wealth and pride. At that time, religious architectures lik e churches, duomos, abbeys were non alone used as un all toldoyed religious architecture, they became the central of civic lives, became as halls, Hanseatic Leagues, even markets or theaters. not only the religious architectures, many castles, universities, municipal halls were built in gothic style and remained till today. Few of garretstic houses were gothic style. In the other word, gothic architecture embodies the power of the formulars of the day.Gothic architecture is the zenith of European medieval architecture. No matter the engineering technologies or the means of artistic expression both achieved an unprecedented level, and in that respectfrom came the golden time of European religious architecture. Churches buildings are the most elegant and superb workmanship of construction among all gothic buildings.Amiens cathedral is the most normal gothic architecture we can almost find all of the gothic architecture Characteristics in this building. Amiens cathedral is a Rom an Catholic cathedral. It is placed in Amiens, the chief city of Picardy, north of Paris. It is the tallest complete cathedral in France, with the nave high 42.30 m, and it has the sterling(prenominal) interior volume, estimated at 200,000 m (Wikipedia, 2009). It is said that it can contain all citizens in Amiens city at that time and more than sufficient (Baidu, 2009).Characteristics of Amiens cathedralGothic art not only can been shown on the gothic religious buildings, but also painting, sculpture and crafts. A lot of sculpture, reliefs and illuminated entrances of the cathedral, let the gothic church buildings becoming art galleries. These sculptures and paintings break out of the range of worship and restrict, emphasize portray of characters, novelty seeking for accurate human histology. It presents a new thought, a brand new art creations tend was increasing through these gothic arts in church buildings, and it exponent lead to the renaissance art. (Huihua, 2004) The Weste rn portals of the Amiens cathedral have a lot of outstanding elegant art works. Especially their elaborate sculpture, featuring a gallery of locally-important saints and large eschatological scenes are justly famous. In the book Mr Standfast, John Buchan has his character Richard Hannay describe the Amiens cathedral as being the noblest church that the hand of man ever built for God.( John,1960)MaterialGothic architectures have no strict restraint on the chosen of material. primarily French gothic churches employed limestone as the material. In England, Germany and Italy, heavy materials such as marble, sandstone, brick and stone are also be used. Amiens cathedral, just like the broadly French churches use limestone as material.Amiens cathedral have a very standardized gothic churchs Latin cross or cruciform plan. The long nave makes the personate of the cathedral. Beyond a transverse arm called the transept, there is an extension which may be called the choir, chancel or presbyte ry. In other gothic churches architectures, there are several variations on the plan because of the regional reasons.Gothic architecture do a breakthrough of Romanesque style, using sprightly ogival or pointed arch, forceful spires and lots of speciate long windows instead of heavy shape, stability and semicircle arch,emphasis gothic churches perpendicularity. These characteristics application, aimed to create a powerful pattern on the approaching people, indicating the might of God and the might of the institution that it represents.Like other French cathedrals, Amiens cathedral is emphasis its height, both real and proportional. The 42.30 m height nave is even considerably taller than the width. On the interior of the Amiens cathedral, there is no break of the vertical lines. 126 giant pillars rise up from the floor straight to the ceiling, and meet the ribs of the vault. The walls and long narrow windows are all follow the figure of verticality. Through these methods, it lea ds peoples sight up to the high, create an impression of pious and transcendence of god, and the dream of heaven.The treatment of vertical elements in gallery and window tracery of mostly French and perpendicular period of English gothic churches shows a strongly unifying feature that counteracts the horizontal divisions of the interior bodily structure. (Wim, 1985)Rose windows are applied widely in the design of gothic churches. In Amiens cathedral, rose windows can be found above the entrance and transept. This is the rose window above the west entrance of the Amiens cathedral. In Amiens cathedral, brick or stone is not the main part of the walls, but colored glasses, which tells many stories of gods, in order to educate people who cannot read at that time. any the rose windows and long narrow windows are using stained glass. The big contrast of dark walls and bright gorgeous windows gives a mysterious feeling.The flying buttressing is a crucial element or characteristic contrib uting to the larruping looking of Gothic cathedrals. The flying buttress was used as a structure element, accompaniment the walls vertically. But in some gothic architecture, it comes to become a kind of laurel wreath of building. The flying buttress outside the clerestory walls, decreasing the solidity of structure virtually, made the cathedra looked as being suspended from heaven. Furth more, it also played a role to balance the network of interior vaults ribs to give the same impression of a tent-like canopy over the congregation (www.wikipdia.com, 2009). In Art Through the Ages, authors describe the flying buttress as like slender extended fingers guardianship up the walls.( TANSEV. R , KLEINER. F. S CROIX. H, 1995)The ribbed vault is another importance characteristic of gothic architecture. The ribbed vault is made by combining trey separate but connected arches. These are the transverse arches that span the ends of the vault, the lateral or longitudinal arches that span the length or sides of the vault, and the two diagonal arches that get hold of from boxful to corner.(Parry. S) This simple construction dominated the medieval construction because of it is simply constructed, strong and flexible.Time background and characteristics of renaissance architectureThe renaissance architecture appeared from the fifteenth century Florence, Italy, and then it spread to other European countries like France, Germany, England, Russia and elsewhere quickly, and formed regional renaissance architecture styles. At the end of the 14th century, the bud of capitalism in Europe. With its development, people in that era changed their attitude and requirement of art. Renaissance is a Political and cultural movement, which aim to bury the darkness rule of religious class in medieval in Europe. The newly emergent bourgeoisie against feudal aristocracy, and at the same time, they also fight with religious forces. In their mind, the though the medieval culture as historical regression, they describe the era as dark and barbarous time. Classic Greece and Rome culture was highly praised as luciferous and well- developed culture. From then on, the whole Europe went into the renaissance. In brief, we can find that, both the gothic and renaissance architecture, the style of architecture changed and fit the rulers taste, as a result, influence on the architecture style of that age. Because of the change of ruler, lots of commercial buildings like town halls, theaters, palaces and domestic buildings all built in renaissance style, not only the religious churches.St. Peters BasilicaSt Peters basilica can be though as one of the most outstanding religious renaissance buildings. St. Peters Basilica is located within the Vatican City. St. Peters Basilica can hold 60,000 people inside of it, been considered as the church with the largest interior of any Christian church in the world. It has a very high status of Christian churches, and it is regarded as one of the holiest Christian sites. The St. Peters basilica was described as holding a unique position in the Christian world(Lees-milne. J, 1967, p. 12.) and as the greatest of all churches of Christendom by Fletcher (FLETCHER .B, 1996, p. 719). It is the most prominent building inside the Vatican City. Its dome is an outstanding symbolic feature of the Rome skyline. It covers 2.3 hectares with a dexterity of over 60,000 people.Characteristics of St Peters basilicaGothic architecture emphasizes its verticality. But renaissance architects paid lots of attention on symmetry, proportion and geometry of buildings. The faade is 114.69 meters wide and 45.55 meters high .Not as the Amiens cathedral using pointed arch, spires and lots of narrow long windows to increase the visual verticality feeling, the St Peters basilica been put emphasis on its horizontality, symmetrical around its vertical axis. Its faades is surmounted by a pediment and organized by a system of pilasters, arches and entablatur es (www.Wikipedia.com). The columns and windows show a progression towards the center. You can also find fancy sculptures of gods at the top of the basilica. Compare to Amiens cathedrals intricate decoration, colourful west entrance and a good many sculptures on the find of the cathedral, the St Peters basilicas appearance seems more maestoso and laconic.MaterialAs the same reason as the architect of Amiens cathedral, the architect chose to use massive white travertine stone as the building material for the sake of highlight the shocking and saintly of the basilica. For gothic architectures, stones and glasses are the only used materials. For the St Peters basilica, brick masonry is used for the domes as well. Some other renaissance churches, timber and brick are also be used for domes.The St Peters Basilica took almost 120 years to finish. Lots of architects and artists worked together to join the design of the basilica, and made great contribution. So we can say that, the St Pet ers basilica is an aggregation of greatest renaissance architects and artists brightness. Donato Bramante was the first architect start the rebuilt of the St Peters basilica. Photo 11 is the plan that Bramante designed, which followed the renaissance thought, applying an enormous Greek cross with a dome in the middle, inspired by that of the huge circular Roman temple, the Pantheon. But he did not blindly follow the classic style. Bramante employed four large piers to support the basilica.Latter Bramante was replaced with Giuliano da Sangallo, Fra Giocondo and Raphael. The concept of the 4 piers remained unchanged. In Raphaels design, he added a row of complex apsidal chapels off the aisles on either side. He also reduced the size of towers to define the squareness of the exterior walls. And the semi-circular apses more clearly defined by encircling each with an ambulatory (Wikipedia).It cannot deny that Michelangelo made greatest contribution to the design of the basilica. The buil ding remained now was built family on his design, although in his design he reconsidered the obvious plans and made some improvements. Michelangelo replaced every corner of the Raphaels plan with small vestries to blur the definition of the geometry.Columns and pilasters are the most obvious element of renaissance architecture, they are also an embodiment of the renaissance though, which is the classic columns and pilasters presents the unanimity and senses of ancient Greece though. The whole series of columns and pilasters were continued to use by renaissance architecture. People tried to understand ancient Greeks understand of human body. So the base of the column was regarded as humans foot, the main body as the body, and the capital as humans head. A giant order of pilasters set at sparingly different angles to each other was employed on the surface of the exterior walls of St Peters basilica. They do not like columns have supportive function, they are purely decoration purpo se. Columns were used inside of the building. As introduced the basilica is supported by 4 piers, the columns take the role of decoration in this case.Semi- circular arch, which was shunned by gothic architecture represent its value on renaissance architecture. They are used in arcades, supported on piers or columns with capitals. In my point of view, the pointed arch in Amiens cathedral gives a mysterious impression, but on the other hand, the renaissance semi-circular arch accidently gives people a shock of god. And the vaults without ribs continue follow the semi-circular or segmental shape. any the vaults are on a square plan, unlike the vault of Amiens cathedral, which is rectangular.The dome of St Peters basilica is the tallest point of the Vatican City. The basilica becomes the landmark of the Vatican city of the day, the conspicuous dome made the most significant contribution to this result. Qua the tallest one among all renaissance domes, the domes height is as tall as 136 .57 meters, accounting from the floor to the silver cross on the top of the dome. Its internal diameter, slightly smaller than Pantheon of Ancient Rome and Florence Cathedral, is 41.47 meters. I thing Michelangelo Buonarrotis dome is another engineering success after the Florence cathedral. The dome is constructed like as the dome of Florence cathedral, which has two shells, but the St Peters outer shell has 16 strong stone ribs, as twice of the Florence cathedral. The 16 pairs of 15 meters height columns visually buttress each of the ribs, but actually they are redundant in structure of the dome.There are some openings along bottom edge of the dome, which oppress light up the elegant painting inside of the dome. Openings on the top of dome let bright sunlight goes straight into the interior of the basilica, light up the interior room naturally. Furthermore, the strong sunlight contrasts with the shading space, creating a saintly feeling.As the same as mostly gothic architecture, the ceiling of Amiens cathedral is left wing open. The interior aesthetics rely on light and shade contrast by the effect of colourful windows. The St Peters basilica is comprehensive decorated. Roofs are fitted with coffered ceilings, which are painted. Not only the ceiling, but also inside of domes are painted by famous renaissance artists. Fancy sculptures can be seen on every surface of piers, including some Michelangelos masterworks.ConclusionAfter all, the thought of the society limited the architecture style of the day. So gothic architecture and renaissance architecture were both influenced by the particular politic, economy, culture and art of the time. After all, all architecture styles centered around the rulers taste, and then influenced all the building style of that era. From here we see that architecture, as the symbol of the age, also can presents the characteristics of the society. Therefore, in order to satisfied the need of new social, political and culture, arch itecture form changing along with the time. On the other hand, the development of engineering techniques and material gave a solid support for the development of new architecture.BibliographyBanister FLETCHER, A History of Architecture on the Comparative Method, June 1975John HARVEY, The Gothic World, 1100-1600 A Survey of Architecture and Art, 1950Amiens Cathedral, from Wikipedia, http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amiens_Cathedral, modified on 24 December 2009Amiens cathedral, http//baike.baidu.com/view/426548.htm, modified on 27 December 2009John BUCHAN, Mr Standfast. capital of the United Kingdom Penguin Books, 1960Huihua HUANG, the difference characteristics between gothic architecture and renaissance architecture, 2004Wim SWAAN, The Gothic Cathedral,1985Flying buttress, http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying_buttress, 2009Richard TANSEV , Fred S. KLEINER, Horst De LA CROIX, Gardners Art Through the Ages, 1995, http//www.tudorhistory.org/glossaries/f/flying_buttress.htmlStan PARRY, the ke y elements of gothic architecture , http//www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/Arts/Architec/MiddleAgesArchitectural/GothicArchitecture/KeyElementsGothicArchitecture/KeyElementsGothicArchitecture.htmClaims made that the Basilica of Our Lady of Peace of Yamoussoukro in Africa is larger appear to be spurious, as the measurements include a rectorate, a villa and probably the forecourt. Its substance is 18,000 people against St. Peters 60,000. Its dome, based on that of St. Peters, is lower but carries a taller cross, and thus claims to be the tallest domed church.James Lees-Milne describes St Peters Basilica as a church with a unique position in the Christian world in Lees-Milne 1967, p. 12.Banister FLETCHER, the renowned architectural historian calls it The greatest of all churches of Christendom in Fletcher 1996, p. 719.Wikipedia, Renaissance architecture, http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance_architecture,2009Wikipedia, St. Peters Basilica,2009