It strategy vs business strategy Essay Example for Free

It strategy vs business strategy Essay In most organizations IT expenditure is considered as one of the larger if not the largest contributor to capital investment and expenditure. Technology has a significant effect on the business landscape of most organizations and the market place they operate in. The goal of IT as such should be directed toward the alignment of IT strategy with an organizations overall business strategy (Mulcay, 2001). It is argued though that the inability to successfully derive value from IT investment is, for the most part due to a lack of alignment between IT and business strategies. Johnson and Scholes cited by Riley (2012) define strategy as follows Strategy is the direction and scope of an organization over the long-term: which achieves advantage for the organization through its configuration of resources within a challenging environment, to meet the needs of markets and to fulfill stakeholder expectations. In unpacking the definition, simply the business strategy that the business has decided to follow needs accurate configuration of resource human resource, technology resource, financial resource etc., so as to gain competitive advantage, meet objectives and stakeholder expectation. Henderson Venkatraman (1999) argue that there is no IT application or system, regardless of how cutting edge or sophisticated it maybe, that will build and sustain a competitive advantage for an organization for a sustained period of time. Organizations, in order to sustain competitive advantage should continuously endeavor to exploit its IT functionality and resource to maintain an advantage. In my opinion this is achieved by out of the box, evolutionary thinking by both business and IT leaders. Furthermore, both business and IT leaders need to understand fully the role that IT can support and re-shape business strategy decisions and improve IT effectiveness and ultimately improve business performance. SHOULD A COMPANYS IT STRATEGY FOLLOW ITS BUSINESS STRATEGY OR SHOULD IT LEAD ITS BUSINESS STRATEGY? WHY In my opinion IT is vary rarely the core business unless of course we mention Microsoft or Google and the like where technology is the primary focus area  but it must noted that the actual business process for each is different and intellectual property is what is regarded most valuable. Hence, I agree with (Abate 2009, Henderson Venkatraman 1999, Skriletz 2013) and many other researchers and commentators, that ITs role should be regarded as the enabler or driver of the business strategy. ITs strategy, investment; architecture even projects all need be dictated by overall business strategy, but should be part of process that helps the formation of the overall strategy. IT leaders need to possess the knowledge of new enabling technologies and how these technologies can be integrated into the business. Very often the business strategy is formed and developed in isolation and IT is seen as a support function only, rather than as function that can contribute to forming the strategy itself. IT leaders need to be part of the process that delivers the direction the business chooses to follow. Luftman Brier (1999) echo this sentiment in that just as HR and marketing are important parts of strategy so to should IT. Venkatraman and Henderson (2000) assert that business strategists cannot be seen to take the leading role whilst the IT strategist is seen as a support role. It is imperative both take the lead in designing the business platform. Business and IT strategists working together to shape new business; IT is not subordinate to business strategy but an extricate part of it. FACTORS TO CONSIDER Technology is seen as one of key elements that drive change and transformation. Intelligent use of technology can deliver a competitive advantage, streamline processes create cost efficiencies and optimization for most organizations and as organizations strive for these competitive advantages and efficiencies it would really not be prudent to exclude the technology people from the process of strategy development as those organizations that do include them, will certainly claim the competitive edge and advantage. Regardless of what industry youre in, its hard to think about a business  that couldnt exploit IT for competitive advantage if they chose to, says Barbara Gomolski, an analyst at Gartner cited in an article by Moore (2011). The industries that have seen growth by aligning IT and business strategy and have used it as a driver and an enabler include the airline industry that has leveraged IT and now allows customers to book directly with carriers rather than involving third party agents. The banking industry has really embraced technology with the likes of online banking and transactions, which show true alignment and involvement of IT in business strategy and goal setting. Technology drives their growth. The sentiment shared and one that I agree with is that by including IT in the formulation of business strategy will certainly assist the organization in achieving its goals. The exploitation of technology as a means is key and if you dont necessarily feel that, then I guarantee IT is treated as being outside of the core business strategy and as a result the organization is not deriving value from one of its most if not the most valuable resources. References Venkatraman N Henderson JC. 2000: Business platforms for the 21st Century, in Mastering Information Management, edited by DA Marchand, TH Davenport T Dickson. Great Britain: Prentice Hall: 283-289 Mulcay K. 2001: The IT Dilemma. World Trade, 14(4): 48-48. Henderson JC Venkatraman N. 1999: Strategic Alignment: Leveraging information technology for transforming organisations. IBM Systems Journal, 38(23): 472-484. Luftman J Brier T. 1999: Achieving and Sustaining Business-IT alignment. California Management Review, 42(1): 109-122. Abate R, (2008) IT should be an enabler to business [Available online at] http://www.information-managem e nt.com/blogs/IT_business-10015571-1.html (Accessed 18 June 2014) Skriletz R (2013) How to make IT a business enabler [Available online at] http://www.b-eye-network.com/view/16788 (Accessed 18 June 2014) Moore J (2011) Make It part of your Business Strategy [Available online at ] http://www.cnbc.com/id/44818677 (Accessed 18 June 2014) Riley J, (2012) What is strategy [Available online at] http://tutor2u.net/business/strategy/what_is_strategy.htm (Accessed 18 June 2014)

Regulation of Smoking in US Public Housing

Regulation of Smoking in US Public Housing Sudhakar Ponugoti Abstract This policy decision contains many significant public health suggestions, given the trouble of having smoke in multiunit housing. About 7 million people in United States are stays in public housing, among 10 units 4 units possessed by families with kids. The response of Residents is very little when they are open to tobacco smoke; moreover, policy and preparation among this region are changing In the recent years, due to increased consumer demand and raised health concerns lead landlords made their housing units smoke free. In addition minor number of local bodies has banned smoking in multifamily residential buildings. However policies of no smoking are rare in public housing. Till now only 140 PHAs around the country which counts of only 4% of the total PHAs have stated that they had banned smoking in public housing which they had undertook Methods: By referring the publications related to regulation of public housing in U.S and journal of the New England journal of medicine – â€Å"Regulation of Smoking in Public Housing† Through referring publishers –like smoking-cessation/health-effects-secondhand-smoke and Journal of the New England journal of medicine Keywords: non-smokers, second hand smokers the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) ,Public Housing Authorities (PHAs),health disorders Purpose: The main purpose of these term papers is about the regulation of smoking in public housing in U.S which is causing several health implications to non-smokers and the steps taken by us federal government Introduction: Effects of second hand smoke: Breathing the smoke that breathed out from the cigarette by a smoker is just about equivalent sum When you take in the smoke that comes from the end of a lit cigarette, belvedere, or pipe (side stream smoke) or the smoke that is breathed out by a smoker (standard smoke), youre breathing in practically the same measure of chemicals as the smoker takes in. the smoke from tobacco holds more than 4,000 distinctive chemical gases, among them 50 are known to be cause disease. These are simply a couple of the chemicals that enters into your lungs when you are presented to second-hand smoke †¢Hydrogen cyanide a very noxious gas utilized within synthetic weapons and pest control †¢Benzene a part of gas †¢Formaldehyde a concoction used to treat carcasses †¢Carbon monoxide a harmful gas (WebMD, 2014). In 2006 the report by health surgeon affirmed that used smoking (additionally called automatic or passive smoking) can leads to death, and it reasoned that no part second hand smoke is safe and good. Most exposure to second smoke leads body more susceptible to more diseases. In Americans about 126 million nonsmoking people are open to secondhand smoke at work and home. In U.S every year almost 50,000 deaths in adult nonsmokers are caused because of second hand smoke. Lung cancer epidemic increased by 20% to 30% in nonsmokers and heart disease by 25% to 30% when they inhale the secondhand smoke. It is estimated that about 3,000 deaths each year in nonsmokers are due to lung diseases because of secondhand smoke in nonsmokers Every year About 46000 of nonsmokers die with heart disease because of who living with smokers. Around 300,000 children who are below the age of 18 months suffer respiratory infections from secondhand smoke; 7,500 to 15,000 of them must be diagnosed (NCBI, 2010). Secondhand smoke shows a great impact on health of on nonsmokers, mainly like cancer and heart disease Cancer Cancer is the significant and prevailing epidemic which is of main concentration caused due to exposure to second hand smoke. Among this Lung cancer is most prevailing due to the effect of second-hand smoke exposure and this responsible for the cause of breast cancer, cervical cancer and different types of cancer, Heart Disease Latest research shows that even 10 minutes of exposure to second hand smoke cause damage to hearth and breathing problems. Due to smoking habit the platelets in the blood gets affected badly that they become more stickier and makes the arteries clog the blood and may leads to heart stroke.69% of higher risk of heart disease has been recorded in women in latest research and 56% higher risk of stroke when compared to those who are not exposed. Children and Second-hand Smoke: Children are mainly susceptible to the effects which are caused by second-hand smoke because their bodies are so sensitive and still developing and they breathe faster rate than adults. These conditions associated with second hand smoke in children: †¢Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) †¢Increased number of respiratory infections †¢More severe and frequent asthma attacks †¢Ear infections †¢Chronic cough Smoking by pregnant lady leads to deformation of baby inside. In some cases it may leads to premature delivery, low birth weight, SIDS, mental retardation, learning problems, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). More the smoking by the mother greater the risk to unborn. (WebMD, 2014). Literature review: This paper mainly reviews the evaluative literature on policies and other interferences designed to prevent smoking in public housing. I started about the implications that are related to smoking particularly who it effects the non-smokers. Then described the policies which are undertaken by U.S government in regulating the smoking in public housing. The following headings were used: implications of health of exposure to tobacco smoke in residential buildings, smoke free house and right to smoke. Finally, in this review, we offer some recommendations regarding the problem.. Implications of health of exposure to tobacco smoke in residential building: More than 250 poisonous metals, chemicals have been identified in tobacco smoke by national toxicological programme (NTP) among them 11 are of class A carcinogens. Many epidemiologic studies had proven non-smokers can be effected to lung cancer and cardiac disease when they expose to tobacco smoke. The surgeon general had reported that there is no considered safe level of exposure. The less exposure to tobacco smoke can also effect the non-smokers. Particularly the ageing people and disabled people with cardiac or pulmonary function more prone to tobacco smoke The rates and seriousness of asthma and other respiratory ailments, and also the rate of sudden newborn child passing syndrome, are expanded around kids exposed to tobacco smoke.in a multiunit building a single person who smokes in his unit putting the other units people at risk. The tobacco smoke can be spread through air, cracks in the wall and floors to other units of the floor. Abnormal amounts of tobacco poisons can hold on in the indoor environment long after the time of active smoking — a spectacle known as third-hand smoke. Tobacco poisons are circulated as unpredictable mixes and airborne particulate matter that are stored on indoor surfaces and reemitted in the air around over a time of days to years. In families in which one or more individuals smoke, the urine levels of the tobacco-particular cancer-causing agent nicotine-inferred nitrosamine ketone (NNK) are reliably higher in babies than in non-smoking grown-ups, representing either a differential reaction to the same poison load or expanded exposure of kids through closer contact with smoke-polluted mats, furniture, clothes, and floors’. Tobacco-smoke exposure in public housing is a serious problem because it affects the poor and weak populaces. In 2008–2009, 32% of families in public housing included elderly persons, 35% included incapacitated persons, and 41% included kids. The mean yearly salary of family units in public housing throughout this period was $13,289. Teenagers who lives in public housing are recognised to be at high hazard for the experimentation of cigarettes at their early stages. No-smoking runs in homes have been connected with generously decreased levels of biochemical markers of tobacco presentation and low risk of health around non-smokers. Such approaches can likewise empower smoking discontinuance around family unit members, demoralize the start of smoking by adolescents, and diminish the rate of house flames (Jonathan.p, 2014). House of smoke free and right to smoke: Private Managers of multiunit private structures are starting to react to market interest and the possibility of decreased expenses by embracing no-smoking arrangements. Study findings show that residents are frequently troubled by tobacco smoke and that four out of five non-smokers might lean toward a smoke-free building policy. In Chicago a 440 unit tall construction is the first in that city to restrict smoking in all units, basic ranges, and outside spaces. In Oregon, a significant property-administration organization has established no-smoking methods for something like 8000 units. Some neighborhood governments have limited smoking in multiunit homes with respect to private enterprises. Three California urban areas as of late sanctioned laws precluding smoking in some or all units of multiunit private housing. Since 2006, around twelve various groups have talked about whether to force smoking limitations that might influence multiunit homes. In 1997, the Utah lawmaking body passed a law explicitly allowing proprietors to boycott smoking in residential units. Notwithstanding the archived risks of tobacco-smoke exposure, these activities are controversial. Critics contend that not governments or landowners ought to interfere with occupants freedom to smoke and that such limitations damage protection rights. However, courts have held that the due-procedure provision of the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments of the U.s. Constitution, which restricts government obstruction in individual freedom and protection, gives just the most negligible level of security for smoking. Governments require to show a reasonable support for confining smoking. Courts assessing protection procurements in state constitutions have thought same views have been expressed by courts assessing privacy provision in state constitutions. The smokers are not ensured as disabled people by neither the elected Americans with Disabilities Act nor other incapacity discrimination laws As stated by HUD, the PHAs may accept no-smoking strategies in public housing according to their choice, as long as state and native laws allow such approaches, on the grounds that federal laws, including the Fair Housing Act and the Civil Rights Act of 1964, dont give security to a right to smoke, As long as the requisition to current tenants is postponed for a certain period of time — for instance, until the renewal of the lease. No-smoking policies may be related to both upcoming residents and current occupants (Jonathan.p, 2014). Policies for smoke free for public housing: The authorities who are trying to make smoke-free policy are challenged by the decentralized nature of the proprietorship and management of public housing. Public housing includes a mixture of structures, including openly possessed and sponsored apartment constructions, which as of now house 2.1 million occupants, and voucher or something like that called Section 8 projects, which at present give 4.9 million inhabitants a HUD subsidy to help pay their rent in private housing. These projects are directed by different offices inside HUD, each of them creates their own policies. Furthermore, states may offer additional public housing projects that work without HUD financing. This structure creates conflict in the nature of projects and services provided, and also the strategy making and required practices around the public housing projects and local housing bodies. Reflecting such variety, at present no-smoking approaches are uncommon exemption in relate to the rule among PHAs. Verifiably, HUD had clearly mentioned that it requires PHAs to embrace nor blocks them from receiving smoking free policy for their possessions or projects. On July 17, 2009, the notice of HUD’s signs a significant change in their views on this issue. The notice focuses on the wellbeing impacts of tobacco-smoke exposure, especially around kids and the elderly, and the danger of flame related passings and injuries. PHAs is regulated by HUD that represents a smoking boycott to formalize it my making changes in the yearly plans that they are indulged to record with HUD, which will allow HUD to track the reaction to its observe, and it has advised PHAs to give inhabitants data regarding the smoking-discontinuance assets and projects. The new strategy which is under the control of HUD Office of Public and Indian Housing relates just to publicly claimed multiunit housing. The reaction of PHA’s is difficult to identify. Their business motivation is to give house of smoke-free is short of what that for private landowners. When compared with other residents public housing residents are regularly in a position in which they cant vote with their feet for smoke free units. For the same reason, in any case, PHAs are well developed to execute smoking confinements, despite group safety. the cost for complete sanitization of a two-bedroom unit can surpass $15,000, so PHA,s is taking cost also as an consideration; even the basic cleaning of an unit in which one or more occupants have smoked may require two to three times to the extent that the cleaning of an unit in which there has been no smoking. At the early stages of policy implementation, long haul cost reserve funds may be acknowledged through decrease in cleaning expenses and the danger of flame, and in addition other smoke-related expenses. The best disincentive for PHAs to actualize smoke-free policy may be the test of implementation. Effective components for screening and for reporting revolution might need to be secured, alongside approvals for occupants who dont go along. The risk of ousting cant be wielded gently, both because the method is legally difficult and because ejection weakens the purpose of public-housing programs that is, securing helpless populaces from homelessness. In spite of the fact that overwhelming, these tests to authorization are much the same as those confronted in attempts to authorize different guidelines identifying with public housing, for example, clean codes and antidrug provisions. For instance, HUD has incorporated a Tenancy Addendum for Section 8 rents that allows property holders to expel occupants who take part in drug utilization, wrongdoing, or liquor ill-use in the dwelling. Notwithstanding such instruments, the difficulties of demonstrating a violation and additionally the troubles connected with requirement may discourage PHAs from following up on HUDs proposal to accept smoke-free policy Only the execution of banning of smoking completely will helps in avoiding the contact to tobacco smoke in the home. Modification measures for example, the utilization of fans, air channels, and separate smoking rooms are ineffective. Ridding public housing of tobacco smoke might keep such settings in venture with the pattern to no-smoking approaches in work environments, private lodging, and even private vehicles (Jonathan.p, 2014). Recommendations: The suitable way to reduce the risk of conditions caused by smoking and convincing the people who around you who are trying to quit smoke the smokers who want to smoke have go far off from the non-smokers. The home is the one of best and significant place to keep it smoke free, because children particularly where the children live. An expected 21 million youngsters live in Shomes where an inhabitant or guest normally smokes, and more than a large portion of all American children have measurable levels of cotinine (the breakdown result of nicotine) in their blood. Keeping children (and grown-ups) far from smoke can help lessen their dangers of creating respiratory diseases, extreme asthma, malignancy, and numerous different risky wellbeing condition serous health conditions. Despite the fact that the dangers of presentation to tobacco smoke are settled, and laws which are ordering smoke free indoor air are across the board, private homes have long been recognized places the legitimate range of regulation. Reflecting this view, the national government has not obliged public housing units to be without smoke verifiably, the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) has kept up that despite the fact that nearby Public Housing Authorities (PHAs) may pick to ban smoking, and they are not needed to do so Conclusion: The utilization of federal regulatory or contractual instruments to guarantee that PHAs execute no-smoking strategies out in the public housing raises moral concerns and useful tests; on the other hand, it is legitimized in light of the damages coming about because of exposure to tobacco smoke, the absence of different streets of lawful change for non-smoking inhabitants of public housing, and the lazy pace at which PHAs have voluntarily executed no-smoking approaches. The same lawful, functional, and health issues that have driven fruitful exertions to make work environments, private vehicles, and private housing without smoke militate energetic about stretching out comparative assurance to the defenseless public smoking populace. Abbreviations SHS: Secondhand Smokers MUD’s: Multiunit Dwellings SIDS; sudden infant death syndrome (HUD) the Department of Housing and Urban Development, (PHAs) Public Housing Authorities, (NNK) nicotine-inferred nitrosamine ketone (ADHD) attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (NTP) national toxicological program References: Jonathan.p (2014, April 28). Regulation of Smoking in Public Housing — NEJM. Regulation of Smoking in Public Housing — NEJM. Retrieved April 28, 2014, from http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM CDC (2014, March 5). Health Effects of Second-hand Smoke. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved April 28, 2014, from http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/from Md, w. (2014, April 28). Effects of second-hand smoke. Smoking cessation health center. Retrieved April 28, 2014, from http://www.webmd.boots.com/smoking-cessation/health-effects-secondhand-smoke NCBI (US). (n.d.). How Tobacco Smoke Causes Disease: The Biology and Behavioral Basis for Smoking-Attributable Disease. National Center for Biotechnology Information. Retrieved April 28, 2014,from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK53017/

Ecological Change With the Arrival of Europeans in the New World :: American America History

Ecological Change With the Arrival of Europeans in the New World Imagine yourself coming from an overpopulated, intensely manicured development (typical of many Americans) to an Island of immense vegetation and overgrowth. Your job is to develop a productive colony using these unknown plants. Your only guides are the natives of the land - if they are gentle and willing to help. Now forget all you know about ecology and the importance of cultures and think about what you would probably do. What if you had one more chance to go to your native land and bring back with you a few simple things to make your life easier? What would you bring? Most would probably react the same way the Europeans did, bringing seeds and machinery for cultivation with them. The Europeans may have even gone further than needed in their search for a productive product. Europeans were fearful and distrustful of the wild, natural areas. For example, many Europeans considered mountains to be hideous. This was said of the Alps, and many mountainous areas of Europe (Sale 77). They had this agenda to control whatever they could. If the land looked wild it needed tamed to their ideas, even if this made the ecosystem unstable or less productive. The results of their need for control and their lack of knowledge on ecosystems resulted in a reflux of new plants being imported. The most influential plants were the forage or grazing crops. These were brought because the Europeans wanted their own familiar crops to be in the grazing yards. These plants included white clover and "Kentucky" bluegrass. Ironically the Kentucky bluegrass was named so because it preceded west at a faster rate than the colonists, so when they arrived in Kentucky they found it in abundance and named it so. These plants were introduced at least as early as 1685, when William Penn was noted for trying some in his courtyard (2 Crosby 157). These plants spread with the equivalences of weeds. Imported, overgrazing European animals helped in the quick dispersal of these plants. The effect of these new grasses is hard to determine. Many of the indigenous grasses all but disappeared, except for small-untouched areas. The introduced animals helped to pave the way for many of these new plants (2 Crosby, 157). The animals first overgrazed the native plants, which were not adapted for heavy grazing, and then continued overgrazing created a new niche or specialization.

the frog princess :: essays research papers

â€Å"The Frog Princess†Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2/6/05 This book is about a princess named Emma who is clumsy always trips over herself and when she laughs she sounds like a donkey. She has an aunt Grassina who’s a witch. She goes to a near by swamp and meets a talking frog. The frog claims to be a prince and he wants her to kiss him. But the princess just goes home and tells nobody, what she found. Feeling bad she goes back to the swamp and decides to kiss the frog to see if he really is a prince. And he said that if she would kiss him that he would turn back into a prince. When she sees the frog again she kisses him. To her surprise it does the opposite of what the frog told her it would and it turns her into a frog. After she realizes that something was wrong Eadric the prince frog teaches her how to live. He teaches her how to eat flies and other important things that frogs must do to stay alive. After a few days they go to find the witch that turned the prince into a frog in the first place. On their scary journey through the swamp they find a witch not however the one they were looking for. The witch brought them home and locked them up. Again having to find the way out and free themselves. They found a way out and let out the other creatures that the witch had caged up. Then they went back on their journey. They go to Emma’s aunts castle and find her aunt and tell her the story of what happened.Then they all make a plan to find a charmed braclet that Emma had lost by the swamp the day she had turned into a frog. Hoping it would help them turn back into human, they find the otter that took it and make up a scam telling him that Emma was a swamp fairy wanting her bracelet back. She gets it back and before they start to leave they run into the real swamp fairy who is mad at them for imitating her.

Shakespeares Hamlet - The Importance of the Ghost Essay -- GCSE Engli

Hamlet and the Non-expendable Ghost   Ã‚   All literary critics agree that the Ghost in Shakespeare’s tragedy Hamlet is not an expendable character. Without the Ghost the show could not go on. He is absolutely essential to the plot, to ever aspect of the drama.    W.H. Clemen in â€Å"Imagery in Hamlet Reveals Character and Theme† describes the pervasive influence which the Ghost’s words have on the entire play:    Perusing the description which the ghost of Hamlet’s father gives of his poisoning by Claudius (I,v) one cannot help being struck by the vividness with which the process of poisoning, the malicious spreading of the disease, is portrayed:    Sleeping within my orchard,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   My custom always of the afternoon,      Ã‚  Ã‚  Upon my secure hour thy uncle stole,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   With juice of cursed hebenon in a vial,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   And in the porches of my ears did pour   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The leperous distilment; whose effect   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Holds such an enmity with blood of man   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   That swift as quicksilver it courses through   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The natural gates and alleys of the body,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   And with a sudden vigour doth posset   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   And curd, like eager droppings into milk,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The thin and wholesome blood: so did it mine;   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   And a most instant tetter bark'd about,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Most lazar-like, with vile and loathsome crust,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   All my smooth body.    A real event described at the beginning of the drama has exercised a profound influence upon the whole imagery of the play. What is later metaphor is here still reality. The picture of the leprous skin disease, which is here – in the first act – described by Hamlet’s father, has buried itself deep in Hamlet’s imagination and continues to lead its subterranean existence, as ... ...Hamlet. Ed. Don Nardo. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1999. Rpt. from The Masks of Hamlet. Newark, NJ: University of Delaware Press, 1992. Shakespeare, William. The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 1995. http://www.chemicool.com/Shakespeare/hamlet/full.html Ward & Trent, et al. The Cambridge History of English and American Literature. New York: G.P. Putnam’s Sons, 1907–21; New York: Bartleby.com, 2000 http://www.bartleby.com/215/0816.html West, Rebecca. â€Å"A Court and World Infected by the Disease of Corruption.† Readings on Hamlet. Ed. Don Nardo. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1999. Rpt. from The Court and the Castle. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1957. Wilkie, Brian and James Hurt. â€Å"Shakespeare.† Literature of the Western World. Ed. Brian Wilkie and James Hurt. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., 1992.

Christian and Biblical References Hidden Within the Rime of the Ancient Mariner Essay

Christian and Biblical references have been involved in the craft of writing since the birth of religion; or at earliest, the composition of the Bible. Biblical Symbolism in â€Å"Rime of the Ancient Mariner† Samuel Taylor Coleridge’s poem, which was written in 1797, has been widely discussed throughout literary history. Although critics have come up with many different interpretations of this poem, one idea that has remained prevalent throughout these discussions is the apparent religious symbolism present throughout this poem. The Ancient Mariner contains natural, and biblical symbolism; however, the religious and natural symbolisms, which coincide with one another, play the most important roles in this poem. Apocalyptic and natural symbolism dominates the core of this poem. The biblical symbolism found in this poem mainly reflects the apocalypse, as it deals with the Mariner’s revelation that good will triumph over evil, and his acceptance of all nature as God’s creation. Beginning with the main issues surrounding â€Å"The Rime of the Ancient Mariner† it is impossible to believe that Coleridge was not thinking of the mysterious wind that blows on the Mariner, without any awareness of the wind as a Biblical symbol of the Holy Spirit. Coleridge could also associate the murder of the albatross with the crucifixion of Jesus Christ. The reader is told that the Polar Spirit â€Å"loved the bird that loved the man / Who shot him with his bow† (Line 404). Signifying a strong tie/bond between the two. This bond not only relates to the ‘love between the man and the bird,’ but rather, the connection between an individual and religion. It is doubtful that someone with Coleridge’s Christian background and faith could fail to see an analogy with God who loved his son who loved the men that killed him. Trying to further understand the symbolism tied into this poem, it is important to take other sections of the piece into account. Another example of symbolism is the fact that the albatross is hung around the Mariner’s neck like a crucifix. Ah! Well-a-day! What Evil Looks / Had I from old and young! / Instead of the cross, the Albatross / About my neck was hung† (Line 139). As Coleridge writes, the image of the Albatross slung around the neck of the Mariner symbolizes the crucifixion of Christ. The crucifixion of Christ has been discussed for centuries; this Biblical reference of this image is immense. Through the use of words, Coleridge is able to portray a sense of darkness and a loss of hope, comparable to loss of hope when our savior Jesus Christ was nailed to the cross. Looking deeper into the mind of Coleridge and further analyzing his work, another abstract approach to viewing the death of spiritual and/or Biblical reference can be seen by dissecting the text. The â€Å"cross† in â€Å"cross-bow† hints at the murder of Jesus, which logically places the albatross as a symbol for Christ. Since the publication of Coleridge’s piece â€Å"The Rime of the Ancient Mariner† It is thought by many literary experts that Coleridge deliberately created these symbols and images with Christian meaning in mind; but if true, why? In order for Coleridge to encapsulate the readers full attention and challenge their knowledge these truly hidden symbolisms and literary techniques are needed. Coleridge further attempts to navigate his readers though this work by using references and wording that individual’s can connect with. The apocalypse is heavily reflected upon throughout this poem as Coleridge combined the vivid colors, the ocean, and the death fires of â€Å"The Ancient Mariner† with the terror and desolation of the days of wrath in order to symbolize the true apocalypse. Down dropt the breeze, the sails dropt down, / ‘Twas sad as sad could be; / And we did speak only break / The Silence of the sea! / All in a hot and copper sky, / The bloody Sun, at noon, / Right above the mast did stand, / No bigger than the moon. / Day after day, day after day, / We stuck, not breath nor motion; / As idle as a painted ship / Upon a painted ocean. † (Lines 107). The section of the poem after the Mariner kills the Albatross is a description of the emptiness and desolation that the Mariners experience, and the curse that is over the ship. This section of the poem has tremendous correspondence to the apocalyptic story. The language and form in this part of the poem represents the images and words, which have traditionally described the wrath of God and the guilt of man in Christian terms. Continuing through the poem one stanza reads, â€Å"The souls did from their bodies fly – / They fled to bliss or woe! / And every soul, it pass’d me by / Like the whizz of my crossbow! † (Line 220). It is at this point in the poem that the Mariner feels the guilt for having killed the Albatross and the deaths of his shipmates. As the Mariner begins to realize the repercussions of his actions he begins to transform. At this point in time the Mariner is beginning to touch the hands of God; he is beginning to see the beauty in all of God’s creatures and the significance of life. Preceding this realization the Mariner begins his transformation as stated above; he understands the curse of the Albatross and the reasons for the death of his crew. His actions haunt him and death appears the only way out. â€Å"An orphan’s curse would drag to hell / A spirit from on high; / But oh! More horrible than that / Is the curse in a dead man’s eye! Seven days, seven nights, I saw that Curse, / and yet I could not die† (Line 257). Cleary seen in the quotation above, the curse resulting in the murder of Albatross left the Mariner viewing death as the only possible option to relieve himself of the haunting, tragic images that left his crew dead. Under the moonlit sky as the Mariner’s ship still sails cursed, but then he witnesses something that changes his perception of God and his faith. â€Å"Beyond the shadow of the ship, / I watch’d the water-snakes: / They moved in tracks of shinning white, / And when they rear’d, the elfish light / Fell off in hoary flakes. Within the shadow of the ship / I watch’d their rich attire: / Blue, glossy green, and velvet black, / They coil’d and swam; and every track / Was a flash of golden fire. / O happy living things! No tongue / Their beauty might declare: / A spring of love gush’d from my heart, / And I bless’d them unaware: / Sure my kind saint took pity on me, / And I bless’d them unaware. / The selfsame moment I could pray; / And from my neck so free / The Albatross fell off, and sank / Like lead into the sea. † (Line 272). It is at this point that the Mariner begins his transformation; leading him closer to God allowing him to see the beauty in ll of God’s creations and creatures as he forms a respect for the presence of God in nature. This reconciliation in the Mariner’s life breaks the curse and shines a light of hope into the eyes of a man who was praying for death. Coleridge uses the wrath and guilt of the apocalypse, but adds his own ideas of divine love and conversion, which lead to paradise. Even though the Mariner must continue with his penance, he is free of God’s wrath and is able to appreciate and love all of nature as God’s creation. Throughout this poem there are many examples of biblical symbolisms in nature. Coleridge uses different elements of nature, such as the sea, as symbols of religious thought or beliefs. The sea is where the decisive events, the moments of eternal choice, temptation, and redemption occur. While at sea, the Mariner makes the eternal choice to kill the Albatross. This choice is eternal because once the Mariner has committed the act of murder; there is nothing that he can do to change it. As a result of the Mariner’s decision, a curse falls over the ship and the Mariner is sentenced to eternal penance. The eternal penance that he must serve is a reminder to the Mariner of the choice that he made. However, even after the death of his soul, the Mariner experiences redemption when he recognizes and learns to love all of God’s creations. It is a known fact that Coleridge’s thoughts and feelings where rarely affected by his beliefs, especially the apocalypse. The apocalyptic story deals with God’s freeing the soul of man from the pains of sin and death, and lifting it into paradise. After the Mariner kills the albatross, he feels as if he is under some sort of curse. However, the Mariner goes through as conversion, which thus releases his soul from the pains of sin and death so that he can once again obtain happiness. There are two essential steps in the conversion process. The first step occurs when imaginative powers mythological appearances of nature, so that the slightest willful act appears to bring down a terrible vengeance. The willful act that the Mariner partakes in is the killing of the Albatross, and the terrible vengeance that occurs as a result of this action is the curse that is cast over the ship. The second part of this conversion process takes place at the greatest moment of hopelessness. At this point, the presence of divine love within humankind appears, and emphasizes the appearance of the natural world. â€Å"The Rime of the Ancient Mariner† is not a direct religious sermon, but there are many strong references to the Christian religion throughout the poem, which stem from Coleridge’s own religious beliefs. Although Coleridge did not take the religious images in this poem directly from the Bible, much of his inspiration for the poem seems to be based on religious ideas, especially that of the Apocalypse. To conclude, Coleridge integrates natural symbols, which are associated with the religious symbols, in to this poem in order to further emphasize his belief that God is present everywhere in nature, and that one can be sent into this state of paradise when this love for God is discovered. By using imagery from the apocalypse and religious symbolism in nature, Coleridge created an incredible poem, which expresses how the realization of divine love within oneself has the power to heal pain and suffering, while bringing oneself to a state of clarity, tranquility and enlightenment.

Stretch and support Essay

In order to meet the grading criteria for M1 learners need to explain how promotion is integrated with the rest of the marketing mix in a selected organisation to achieve its marketing aims and objectives. Learners will need to have a thorough understanding of the marketing mix and then be able to apply it to the marketing aims and objectives of their selected organisation. Learners could complete the following activity to help them achieve these criteria. Marketing aims and objectives are the targets that are specifically set for the marketing department in order to help the business achieve its corporate aims and objectives, i.e. the aims and objectives for the business as a whole. 1.Research a company that you are familiar with, for example, Walkers crisps. What do you think are the business aims and objectives of the company? 2.Investigate the type of promotions that your chosen company undertakes as a part of the marketing mix, for example, television advertising. Explain how th e promotions that your chosen company uses relates to other elements of the marketing mix by answering the following questions. How does promotion affect price? How does promotion affect product? How does promotion affect place? 3.How does the integration of all elements of the marketing mix help the company meet its corporate aims and objectives? E2 Evaluate and justify promotional mix In order to meet the grading criteria for D1 learners must evaluate and justify the use of an appropriate promotional mix in relation to marketing objectives for the selected organisation. Learners should start by stating the marketing objectives of the company and then carry out the following activity. 1.Write a paragraph about the strengths of your chosen promotional mix. Which element of the promotion mix is the strongest? 2.Write a paragraph about the weaknesses of your chosen promotional mix. Which element of the promotion mix is the weakest? 3.Write a paragraph about how the promotion mix used helps to meet the marketing objectives of the company. 4.Of all the elements in the promotional mix which do you believe to be the strongest in this instance? Justify your answer. E3 Use of  professional agencies in promotions In order to meet the grading criteria for M2 learners must be able to explain the advantages and disadvantages of using professional agencies in ensuring promotional success. To do this, learners will need to look at the relative merits of using a professional agency over an in-house team. Learners could be shown or seek out examples of promotional campaigns created by professional agencies, for example, television or print advertisements, and then answer the following questions. 1.Which aspects of the campaign(s) do you think an in-house team could perform without the use of a professional agency? 2.Which aspects of the campaign(s) do you think required a professional agency? Justify your answers to both questions. E4 Rationale for a promotional campaign The grading criteria for M3 requires learners to provide a rationale for a promotional campaign. Learners will need to be able to identify each element of a promotional campaign and explain its role. Learners must also say why each element is important in order to develop their analysis. Learners could be given the following task to complete in preparation for the assignment. A health club organisation is planning a new fitness centre in your area. The company has a budget of  £20,000 and will be running its promotional campaign for two months before opening. The company needs to attract a large number of people to sign up for a one-year membership contract. It is targeting the club at both men and women. Using the information above, answer the following questions. 1.Are all elements of the promotional campaign important? Justify your answer. 2.If you have identified some elements that are not important to the campaign, do you think they are required at all?